退役锂离子电池正极材料资源化回收利用:从基础到实践

Recycling and Utilization Technology for Cathode Materials of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries:from Basics to Practice

近年来,新能源汽车的逐渐普及带动了动力锂离子电池数量的指数级增长,从而致使大量电池废弃物产生,浪费资源的同时对环境产生潜在风险。因此,退役锂离子电池的回收利用成为目前研究热点之一。综述了主要的退役锂离子电池回收利用技术及其研究现状。首先,介绍了锂离子电池的分类及特征,讨论了其回收的必要性与紧迫性。其次,总结了锂离子电池预处理及分离方法,包括机械粉碎、磁选、筛分、化学溶解、热处理等,着重分析了锂离子电池正极材料的传统回收利用技术,包括火法冶金、湿法浸出、材料再生等。最后,剖析了高效利用退役锂离子电池的新技术,包括生物浸出技术、机械化学处理方法、电化学方法、超临界流体技术以及微波/超声波技术等。基于以上分析,总结和展望了退役锂离子电池的回收和利用发展方向,为相关科研工作者和生产工作者提供借鉴。

In recent years,the gradual popularization of new energy vehicles has led to the exponential growth of power lithium-ion batteries.This results in a large amount of battery waste,which is both a waste of resources and a potential risk to the environment.Therefore,the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries is one of the current research hotspots.This paper summarizes the main recycling technologies for spent lithium-ion batteries and their research status.Firstly,the classification and characteristics of lithium-ion batteries are introduced,and the necessity and urgency of their recycling are discussed.Secondly,the pretreatment and separation methods of lithium-ion batteries are summarized,including mechanical crushing,magnetic separation,screening,chemical dissolution,heat treatment,etc.In addition,the analysis of the traditional recycling technologies of lithium-ion batteries cathode materials are focused,including pyrometallurgy,hydrometallurgy,and materials regeneration.Finally,new technologies for the efficient utilization of spent lithium-ion batteries are dissected,including bioleaching technology,mechanochemical treatment,electrochemical methods,supercritical fluid technology,and microwave/ultrasonic technology.Based on the above analysis,the development direction of recycling and utilization of spent lithium-ion batteries is summarized and outlooked to provide reference for related researchers and production workers.