吐鲁番出土《北凉高昌郡内学司成白请差刈苜蓿牒》文书初探

A Preliminary study of a document on cutting alfalfa in Gaochang County in Beilang times

1979年,新疆吐鲁番地区文管所发掘了阿斯塔那382号墓,出土了12件文书,本文重点研究编号为79 TAM 382:5-4b的《北凉高昌郡内学司成白请差刈苜蓿牒》文书。笔者认真梳理了文书内容,重点对文书中内学司成、令狐嗣和典学主簿进行考证。笔者根据《晋书》《魏书》《十六国春秋》记载,结合文书内容,指出北凉官学设在陆沉观,刘昞任秘书郎、国师,索敝和阴兴任助教,建任典学主簿,令狐嗣任内学司成。北凉官学教育较为完善,促进了北凉文化繁荣,对后来北魏乃至隋唐制度的形成和完善有深远影响。有学者认为文书中的“某人”为“在学的儿童”,也有学者指出“在官学中,将蚕桑劳作列为学习的内容”,即认为“某人”身份是“学馆学生”,笔者认为上述观点与“名堕军部”是互相矛盾的。根据《宋书》中“惮业避役”的记载,结合吕思勉先生“来学者率为避役”的研究,笔者认为这是内学司成上呈典学主簿的一件官文书,文书中“某人”的身份应为“名在军籍(部)的军士(部兵)”,“某人”平时负责学馆桑役,特殊时期刈苜蓿,并非“在学的儿童”或“学馆学生”。

In 1979,Institute of Turfan cultural heritage Administration excavated Tomb 382 of Astana and 12 documents were discovered,This article focuses on the study of the document“Chengbai Request for Cutting Alfalfa from the Inner Learning Department of Beiliang Gaochang County”numbered 79 TAM 382:5-4b.The author carefully sorted out the content of the document,with a focus on verifying the internal studies of Si Cheng,Ling Hu Si,and the main book of classical studies in the document.Based on the records in the“Book of Jin”,“Book of Wei”,and“Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms”,combining with the content of the documents,the author points out that the Northern Liang Official School was located in Lu Chenguan,with Liu Biao serving as the Secretary Lang and National Teacher,Suo Ban and Yin Xing as the Teaching Assistant,and the establishment of the Master Book of Canon Studies.Ling Hu Si was appointed as the Secretary of Internal Learning.The official education in Beiliang was relatively complete,which promoted the prosperity of Beiliang culture and had a profound impact on the formation and improvement of the system in the later Northern Wei and even Sui and Tang dynasties.Some scholars believe that the term“someone”in the document refers to“a child in school”,while others agree that“in official schools,sericulture and labor are included as the content of learning”,which means that the identity of“someone”is“a student of the school”.The author believes that the above viewpoint is contradictory to the“Minglai Military Headquarters”.According to the record of“fearing industry and avoiding military service”in the“Book of Song”,combined with Mr.Lv Simian’s research on“leading scholars to avoid military service”,the author believes that this is an official document submitted by the Inner Learning Department as the main book of the Canon School.The identity of“someone”in the document should be“a sergeant(soldier)named in the military(department)”,“someone”is usually responsible for the mulberry service in the school,and during special periods,he mows alfalfa,not“a child in school”or“a student in the school”.