水生态系统典型新污染物的特征与生态风险评估

Characteristics and ecological risk assessment of typical emerging pollutants in aquatic ecosystems

过去几十年,我国在传统污染物治理和管控方面取得显著成效,但随着化学品生产和使用规模的不断加大,新污染物引起的环境问题不断凸显.以内分泌干扰物、全氟和多氟烷基化合物(PFASs)、抗生素和微塑料为代表的典型新污染物在各种水体环境中被频繁检出,且种类逐渐增多,对水生态安全和人体健康构成极大威胁.这些新污染物在水体中普遍具有持久性或“伪持久性”,生物蓄积性和毒性,且就毒性而言,其多具有器官、神经、发育和生殖、免疫等多种毒性效应及复杂作用机制.然而,目前我国在新污染物研究的广度和深度上还有很多局限,毒性效应的全面了解及机制的深入探索亟待加强.基于此,重点介绍目前国际上研究较多的4类典型环境新污染物(内分泌干扰物、PFASs、抗生素和微塑料)的特征、来源以及毒性测试和评价方法,为未来新污染物的毒性研究提出建议,旨在为水体新污染物的管控提供有益参考.

In the past few decades,China has obtained significant improvements in treating and controlling the traditional pollutants.However,with the increased use of numerous chemicals,emerging pollutants related environmental problems have become serious.Endocrine disruptors,perfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs),antibiotics,and microplastics are the typical emerging pollutants,which have been frequently detected in various water bodies,along with the increased species.Consequently,a great threat has been posed on aquatic ecosystems and human health.These emerging pollutants commonly exhibit persistence or"pseudo persistence",bioaccumulation,and toxicity.Especially,in terms of the toxicity,they often have multiple toxicological effects,such as organ toxicity,neurotoxicity,development and reproduction toxicity,immune toxicity,and so on.However,the breadth and depth of research on emerging pollutants are currently still limited in China.A more comprehensive understanding of their toxicological effects and in-depth exploration of the mechanisms are urgently needed.Therefore,this article focuses on introducing the properties,source,toxicity and risk assessment of the four types emerging pollutants(endocrine disruptors,PFASs,antibiotics,and microplastics)which are popularly investigated worldwide.The suggestions for future toxicity study in emerging pollutants are also mentioned,aiming to provide more useful information for their control in water bodies.