唐五代语气词的音理类型与文献分布研究

A Study on the Phonetic Types and Literature Distribution of Modal Particles in the Five Dynasties

唐五代时期,音系结构变化较大,语言新质与旧质并存,言文脱节的局面更加明显,是语气词系统演化和递嬗的关键阶段。经系联,唐五代语气词系统的音理类型可分为[a]系、[■]系、[u]系和[i]系四种,不送气声母占优势。其中,新兴语气词的语音形式主要集中在[a]系和[■]系。[u]系和[i]系语气词大多属于文言语气词,承接于前代。在禅宗语录《坛经》《祖堂集》以及变文文献《敦煌变文集》等不同性质的文献中,《坛经》中的语气词种类最少,其语言呈现出明显的仿古倾向。唐五代阶段,“矣”“乎”等文言语气词的使用渐趋萎缩,同时催化了新兴语气词或“同词异形”语气词的衍生和发展。“聻”在《祖堂集》中可用“你”“尼”等字形记音,与文言语气词“尔”属于同词异形的关系。

During the Five Dynasties,the structure of the phonological system changed considerably,the new and old qualities of language coexisted,and the disconnection between speech and literature became more obvious,which was a key stage in the evolution and transmutation of modal particle system.After the linkage,the phonological types of the modal particle system in the Five Dynasties can be divided into four families:the[a]family,the[■]family,the[u]family,and the[i]family,with the predominance of non-aspirated vowels.Among them,the phonological forms of emergent modal particles are mainly concentrated in the[a]and[■]families.Most modal particles of the[u]family and[i]family belong to the classical Chinese modal particles and are carried over from the previous generation.Among the Zen Quotations such as Tanjing,Zutangji,and the variable texts such as Dunhuang Bianwen Collection,Tanjing has the least variety of modal particles and its language shows a clear tendency to imitation of antiquity.During the Five Dynasties,the use of classical Chinese modal particles such as“yi”and“hu”gradually declined,while catalyzing the derivation and development of emerging modal particles or“same word but different form”modal particles.“聻”in Zutangji can be recorded in the form of“Ni”,and belongs to the same word but different form of relationship with the classical Chinese modal particle“Er”.