马尔库塞对弗洛伊德文明观的继承与发展

Marcuse’s Inheritance and Development of Freud’s View of Civilization

在弗洛伊德看来,以寻求本能的最大满足为核心的“快乐原则”,是人类获取幸福的首选。更多的满足也就意味着更多的幸福,因此“快乐原则”要求的是一种无压抑的满足。但这种满足只能存在于前文明的自然状态中,文明的存续要求其必须向“现实原则”转变。文明通过对本能的“三重压抑”,以有限的满足取代了无压抑的满足,也就标志着人类文明的确立。马尔库塞在此基础上提出了“操作原则”的概念,操作原则作为现实原则在资本主义社会的变形,以“额外压抑”取代“基本压抑”,来换取特权阶层的额外满足,这也正是资本主义文明中异化的根源。

In Freud’s view,the“pleasure principle”with the core of seeking maximum satisfaction of instinct is the first choice for human beings to obtain happiness.More satisfaction means more happiness,so the“pleasure principle”requires a kind of unconstrained satisfaction.But this kind of satisfaction can only exist in the pre-civilized state of nature,and the survival of civilization requires that it must transform into the“reality principle.”Through the“triple repression”of instinct,civilization replaces unconstrained satisfaction with limited satisfaction,which marks the establishment of human civilization.On this basis,Marcuse proposed the concept of“operating principle”.As a transformation of the reality principle in capitalist society,the operating principle replaces“basic repression”with“additional repression”in exchange for additional satisfaction for the privileged class.It is the source of alienation in capitalist civilization.