“五育融合”视野下的中小学集体劳动:价值、困境与路径

Collective Labor in Primary and Secondary Schools Under the Vision of"Five-education Integration":Value,Dilemma and Path

劳动教育具有树德、增智、强体、育美的综合育人价值,是中小学实施“五育融合”的重要着力点。作为中小学劳动教育的主要形式,集体劳动是落实“五育融合”的重要途径:能够促进整个学生集体的智力发展,推动学生集体的个性成长,培育学生集体的公民精神,提升学生集体的道德水平,发展学生集体的情感素养。然而,当前中小学校的集体劳动呈现空心化、形式化、私人化和去交往化的现实困境,集体劳动落实“五育融合”、促进学生身心素质全面发展的功能被遮蔽。为此,中小学集体劳动活动应以“五育融合”作为指导理念,在集体劳动的目标、方法和评价方面融入集体精神,走出娱乐化、体力化的思维误区,彰显劳动教育全面的育人价值;开发饱含探究性和创造性的集体劳动任务,展现学生在集体劳动中的智慧,构建具有丰富精神生活的劳动集体,实现劳动教育“以劳树德”“以劳增智”的育人功能;构建兼顾集体利益和个人责任的集体劳动机制,将个人利益与集体利益结合起来,让学生在参与集体劳动中发展道德素质、增进知识智慧、涵育情感价值观;充分发挥集体舆论和集体评价在集体劳动中的育人价值,改变个别学生不良的劳动素质,培育学生的自尊心和自豪感,培养每个学生关心他人、关心集体利益的道德品质和情感品质,有效提升学生多方面的身心素质。

Labor education has the comprehensive education value of cultivating virtue,increasing intelligence,strengthening body and cultivating beauty,and is an important focal point for the implementation of"holistic education"in primary and secondary schools.As the main form of labor education in primary and secondary schools,collective labor is an important approach to implementing the holistic education:it can promote the whole student to achieve comprehensive development in intelligence,personality,civism,moral standards and emotional literacy.However,at present,the collective labor in primary and secondary schools presents the realistic dilemma of hollowing out,formalization,personalization and eliminating communication,which covers the function of collective labor in implementing the"holistic education"and promoting the comprehensive development of students'physical and mental qualities.For this,collective labor activities in primary and secondary schools should be guided by the concept of"holistic education".They should incorporate the spirit of collectivism into the objectives,methodologies,and evaluation of collective labor,moving beyond the misconceptions of entertainment and physical labor to highlight the comprehensive value of educational labor.Develop collective labor tasks that are full of inquiry and creativity to showcase the intelligence of students in collective work,build a labor collective with a rich spiritual life,and realize the educational functions of"Fostering Virtue Through Labor"and"Enhancing Intelligence Through Labor'.Construct a collective labor mechanism that considers both collective interests and individual responsibilities,combining personal benefits with collective interests,allowing students to develop moral qualities,enhance knowledge and intelligence,and cultivate affective values,while participating in the collective.Fully leverage the educational value of collective opinion and collective evaluation in collective labor to change the poor labor qualities of individual students,foster students'self-esteem and pride,and cultivate each student's moral and emotional qualities to care for others and the collective interests,effectively enhancing students'overall physical and mental qualities.