南丁格尔在近代中国:形象及其传衍

Florence Nightingale in Modern China:Images and Their Evolution

南丁格尔的故事与形象在晚清传入中国。此后数十年间,大众媒介、医学书籍与纪念仪式等参与形塑了南丁格尔的三种形象,即女性解放的代表、护理专业化的先驱和战争动员的象征,使其在中国广为人知且备受推崇。在传记与电影中,南丁格尔走出家庭服务人群,将护理由卑贱的工作提升为适合女性从事的职业,成为兼具传统女性特质与新女性角色的现代女性典范。线性的护理史书写则强化了其现代护士鼻祖的地位。对她的想象与记忆通过护士节纪念仪式在护士群体与社会层面展开,特别是在战争时期,国共双方皆表示护士与战士具有同等重要的地位。南丁格尔的形象塑造及其传播衍变,既映射了近代中国有关家庭与社会、医学与职业、战争与性别等社会议题,也显现出中西方对于这些议题的认知差异。

The stories and images of Florence Nightingale were introduced into China in the late Qing Dynasty.In the decades thereafter,mass media,medical books and memorial ceremonies helped shape her three images,namely,a representative of women's liberation,a pioneer of nursing specialization and a symbol of war mobilization.All these made her widely known and respected in China.In her biographies and films,Florence Nightingale stepped out of the family to serve the public,and promoted nursing from a humble job to a suitable profession for women.She turned out to be a modern female model with both traditional female characteristics and new female roles.The linear writing in the nursing history books strengthened her position as an ancestor of modern nurses.The imagination and memory of her were presented both in the nurse group and the public through the Nurses'Day commemoration ceremony,especially during the war,when both the Kuomintang and the Communist Party expressed that nurses played as important a role as soldiers.Florence Nightingale's images construction and its evolution not only reflected the social issues related to family and society,medicine and profession,war and gender in modern China,but also showed the differences in the cognition of these issues between China and the West.