从“安身立命”到“社会改造”——梁漱溟对现代新儒家“成人”之教的省思

From the“Settlement of Life”to“Social Shaping”:Rethinking“Adulthood”Education of Neo-Confucianism Based on Liang Shuming’s Educational Thought

梁漱溟及其同道者以教育通向中国社会改造的道路,在儒家“成人”之教的“现代”转化中颇具代表意义。梁氏的教育道路围绕其“两大问题”展开,并以“人生问题”为根本。他以“成人”为教育的根本目标,其教育思想的核心脉络可概括为:以“情意教育”导向积极进取的人生态度塑造,以社会主体塑造通向社会文化的整体重建。其中的关键在于两点:其一,使着意于“内”的“成人”之教,发展出其向“外”进取的一面;其二,使“修身成德”的“养性”之道,转化出“能群”“为公”的力量。由此,梁漱溟在泰州学派“觉民行道”之路的基础上,通过对儒家两大经典命题“孔颜之乐”“成己成物”内涵的发展,从转“欲”为“刚”和生命“创造”两个层面,建构其以安身立命的“成人”之教通向人生与社会之整体重塑的教育道路。亦即,以立足人伦日用、深入生活世界的教育,启人自觉、贯通身心;以身心贯通的教育,导向自我创造与社会创造、人的塑造与社会塑造的同步共构。在这条由心灵至社会的教育道路中,还隐伏着他对儒家“内圣外王”之学的“现代”转化——心灵事业与社会事业的同构。

The way that Liang Shuming and his comrades lead to the transformation of Chinese society through education is of great representative significance in the modern transformation of“adulthood”education.Liang’s educational path stems from“life question”and revolves around his“two major questions”.Therefore,he takes“adulthood”as the fundamental goal of education,and the core of his educational thoughts can be summarized as:using“emotional education”to shape the positive and enterprising life attitudes and using social subject to lead to the overall reconstruction of social culture,which contains two key points:first,developing the“outward”and aggressive side of the“adulthood”education,even though it initially focuses on the“inside”;secondly,transforming the way of“cultivating one’s moral character”and“nurturing one’s nature”into the power of“being able to work together”and“serving the public”.From this,Liang Shuming,based on the Taizhou School’s theory of“awakening the people and practicing the Tao”,developed the connotation of the two classic Confucian propositions“Confucius and Yan’s joy”and“accomplishing oneself and achieving things”,and transformed“desire”into“hardness”and“created”life.The two interrelated aspects construct its educational path that leads to the overall reshaping of life and society through“adult”education.That is to say,the education that stems from human ethics and daily life can inspire people’s selfconsciousness and connect body and mind together and can further achieve simultaneous self-creation and social creation.Also,what it hides in this educational path from“soul”to“society”is his modern transformation of the Confucian philosophy of“inner sage and outer king”-the isomorphism of spiritual and social undertakings.