绿色政治的民粹化与民粹主义的绿色化——对欧洲环境民粹主义的考察

The Rise of Populism in Green Politics and the Greening of Populism:An Examination of Environmental Populism in Europe

面对新自由主义的失败和环境问题的挑战,绿色政治站在了民粹主义与环境主义的交汇点。环境问题进入民粹主义的议程,成为欧洲绿色政治的一种新形态和新方式。本文将环境民粹主义界定为民粹主义思想中的绿色观念及相关的行为方式,并对其极左、左、中、右、极右五种意识形态类型进行分类讨论。通过分析环境民粹主义利用政党竞争和政党体系的潜在结构性机会的策略,可以发现政治光谱左右翼两端出现了绿色政治的民粹主义趋势以及民粹主义的绿色化。环境民粹主义具有以自我为中心的特征,既带来了强化民族主义的势头、导致绿色政治陷入分裂与矛盾、抵消相关治理机制等挑战;也带来了对环境民主进行政治和认识纠偏、重新衡量人民的生态归属价值、提供超越“身份”的绿色凝聚力等机遇。民粹化的环境主义蕴含了对生态社会主义和生态现代化的开放式探索。

Faced with the failures of neoliberalism and the challenges brought about by environmental issues,green politics finds itself at the intersection between populism and environmentalism.The integration of environmental concerns into the populist agenda has become a new form and approach within European green politics.This article defines environmental populism as the incorporation of green ideas and related behaviors into the populist thoughts and categorizes it into five ideological subtypes,namely the far-left,left,center,right and far-right.By analyzing the strategies employed by environmental populists in taking advantage of the party competition and leveraging the potential structural opportunities within the political party system,it is found that the rise of populism in green politics and the greening of populism have emerged at the left and right ends of the political spectrum.This article proposes that environmental populism exhibits an ego-centered characteristic.While environmental populism have brought about challenges such as reinforced nationalism,divisions and contradictions within green politics and an offset of the related governance mechanisms,it offers opportunities for political and cognitive rectification in environmental democracy,a re-measuring of the people's ecological belonging value and green cohesive force beyond mere"identity".The combination of populism with environmentalism embodies an openended exploration of eco-socialism and eco-modernization.