中国科技攻关组织方式:历史演进、逻辑解构与政策建议

Organization Modes of China’s Scientific and Technological ResearchProjects:Evolution, Logic, and Policy Suggestions

组织方式及其形成的动员能力是影响科技攻关水平和新质生产力的关键因素。作为追赶型的发展中国家,中国组织实施了众多重大科技攻关项目,形成了具有中国特色的科技攻关组织方式。这些方式可具体划分为三种既相互联系又各有特点的基本模式:1949—1977年的中央集中组织和任务导向型科技攻关组织方式,1978—2011年的政府主导和市场参与的项目制科技攻关组织方式,以及2012年以来市场导向与新型举国体制相结合的科技攻关组织方式。经济社会发展阶段和主要任务,是科技攻关组织方式变革的需求端因素,它们决定了科技攻关的目标与方式。技术复杂程度和需求特征则是科技攻关组织方式变化的内在条件,它们决定了技术创新的路径和创新组织的模式。国际环境和竞争格局也是影响国家科技攻关组织方式演变和选择的重要因素。深入研究和分析中国科技攻关的组织方式及其演进过程,有助于我们明确科技创新政策的目标方向、整合科技创新资源,推进科学界与产业界的深度融合与协同合作,从而更好地发挥组织在科技攻关和新质生产力发展中的重要作用。

The organization model and the induced mobilization ability are the key factors affecting scien⁃tific and technological research.As a chasing developing country,China has organized and implemented a number of major scientific and technological research projects,forming the research organization modes with Chinese characteristics.These modes can be classified into three basic models that are both interrelated and have unique characteristics.Specifically,the scientific and technological research projects were task-oriented and organized by the central government from 1949 to 1977,led by the government with the involvement of the market from 1978 to 2011,and market-orientated and carried out with the new whole-nation system after 2012.The stage and main tasks of economic and social development are the demand side factors for the reform of the organization mode of scientific and technological research projects,determining the research goals and methods.The complexity of technology and the characteristics of demand are the inherent conditions for the changes in the organization mode,determining the path of technological innovation and the mode of innovation organization.In addition,the international environment and competitive landscape are also key factors influ⁃encing the evolution and selection of the organization mode of China’s scientific and technological research projects.Probing into the organization mode of China’s scientific and technological research projects and the evolution process of the organization mode can help us clarify the goals and directions of scientific and techno⁃logical innovation policies,promote the deep integration and collaborative cooperation between the scientific and industrial communities,and give full play to the role of organizations in scientific and technological re⁃search projects.