古今“干”中药材和饮片的加工炮制方法

Ancient and modern processing methods of drying crude and prepared Chinese medicine

使中药材和饮片达到一定的干燥程度是中药材产地加工和饮片炮制生产过程中必不可少的环节。为了厘清古今“干”法的应用情况,以《历代中药炮制资料辑要》和《历代中药炮制法汇典》为线索,对古代和现代“干”中药材和饮片的“干”法、“干”程度的判断方法和“干”的目的进行了总结和分析。“干”法的记载始于《黄帝内经》中“曝”法,古代的“干”法名称共计29种,存在多种异名同义词;按照操作方法和操作条件,“干”法可以分为将中药置于日光下、非日光下、加热、非加热四类操作方法;现代主要采用干燥、烘干、晒干、低温干燥、阴干、晾干和暴晒等名称;古今多是通过感官经验和外观色泽、形态的改变进行中药“干”程度的判断;中药经过“干”法加工炮制后,可以达到避免中药发生变异现象,影响中药的外观色泽和内在药性,消除或降低中药的毒性,增强或改变中药的药性和药效,利于加工与粉碎的目的。

It is essential to make crude and prepared Chinese medicine reach a certain degree of dryness in the production process.In order to clarify the application of'dry'method in ancient and modern times,the'dry'method,the judgment method of'dry'degree and the purpose in ancient and modern times were summarized and analyzed based on the books Processing Methods Collection of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Past Dynasties and Summary of Processing Methods Data of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Past Dynasties.The record of'dry'method started from'exposure'method in Huangdi Neijing.There are 29 multiple different synonyms'dry'methods in ancient times.According to the methods and conditions of operation,it could be divided into four types:placing Chinese medicine under sunlight,not under sunlight,heating and not heating.The drying,drying in drying oven,drying in the sun,drying in low temperature,drying in the shade,air drying and drying under the blazing sun are used in modern time.The degree of'dryness'of Chinese medicine is judged by sensory experience,appearance color and shape changes.After the processing of Chinese medicine by'dry'method,it could avoid the variation of Chinese medicine,affects the appearance,color and intrinsic property of Chinese medicine,eliminats or reduces the toxicity of Chinese medicine,enhances or changes the character and efficacy of Chinese medicine,and facilitated the processing and crushing.