西学东渐背景下军事技术知识的演变——以火器弹药为中心

The Evolution of Military Technical Knowledge Against the Backdrop of the Spread of Western Learning to the East with a Focus on Firearm Ammunition

明清时期是中国传统火器技术发展的高峰时期,也是中西火器技术知识交流极其频繁、深入的重要时期,中国火器技术知识在传播、碰撞、融合的过程中得到革新和重塑,作为火器技术重要组成部分的弹药技术在此过程中也经历了从认识到实践层面的巨大变革。随着西方弹药知识的传入,中国火器弹药种类及使用方式更加多样化,爆炸弹技术突破了传统开花弹的局限,炮弹铸造技术更为精细化,弹药配比知识也更趋向理论化和定量化。弹药种类、弹药铸造和弹药配比三者构建了弹药技术独特的知识体系。

The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the peak of development in Chinese traditional firearm technology,and also an important period for the frequent and in-depth exchange of Chinese and western firearm technical knowledge.China’s firearm technical knowledge was reformed and reshaped in the process of transmission,collision and fusion,and ammunition technology,as an important part of firearm technology,also experienced great changes from conceptual understanding to practical application.With the introduction of western ammunition knowledge,the types and modes of use of firearms and ammunition in China became more diversified.The technologies of explosive shells broke through the limitations of traditional Ming sparkle-shells.The technology of shell casting became more refined,and the knowledge of ammunition ratio also tended to be more theoretical and quantified.Ammunition types,ammunition manufacture and ammunition proportion constitute the unique knowledge system of ammunition technology in Ming and Qing dynasties.