词典用户释义的认知阐释及其对词典编纂的启示

Cognitive Interpretation of Dictionary Users Definitions and Its Enlightenment for Lexicography

在认知视角下,释义过程是释义者的认知处理过程。让词典用户参与释义,对用户释义文本的分析会有助于词典编纂者了解用户的认知特点。用户与专家所采用的释义方式同中有异,大部分专家和用户对“如果”和“按照”等抽象词语均采用“相等相近式”进行释义,专家对“苹果”均采用“种差+类+种差”进行释义,而用户多选择“类+种差”。在义项数量上专家和用户也表现出不同。用户释义受到象似性、范畴化、识解等认知规律的影响,虽具有一定的随意性,但其呈现出的理据性对词典编纂具有很大的启发意义。

Under the cognitive perspective,the definition process is the cognitive processing one of definers.Letting the dictionary users' participate in the definition and analyzing the users' definition texts can help the lexicographers understand the users' cognitive characteristics.There are similarities and differences of the definition methods that the users' and the experts employ.Most experts and users' employ“equal and close form”to define such abstract words as“if(如果)”,“according to(按照)”.All experts use“specific difference+category+specific difference”to define“apple(苹果)”,while the users' mostly choose“category+specific difference”.The experts and users' employ different numbers of entry senses.The users' definitions are influenced by the cognitive laws such as iconicity,categorization and construal.Although they have certain arbitrariness,the presented motivation has a great enlightening significance for lexicography.