长城文化景观分区研究

Zoning of the Great Wall Cultural Landscape in China

长城文化景观是“自然与人的共同作品”,是不同历史时期社会、经济、政治、文化等因素共同影响下不断叠加的产物。“长城文化景观”的提出为长城研究提供了一种新的视角,可对各学科的研究成果进行系统、有效整合。中国长城文化景观在地势、地貌和气候区划等方面存在明显差异,宏观尺度下呈现出“南北两线摆动”和“东西分段设防”的景观形态特征,中微观尺度下则反映出长城外观、整体环境、军防体系和人地关系等4个方面的景观形态差异。通过对这些差异的归纳与提炼,可将中国长城文化景观分区为3级。其中,一级分区包括东、中、西3个区,二级分区自东向西包括7个自然地理区,三级分区可按照长城建造的历史时期进一步细分。通过中国长城文化景观分区,可以更深刻地理解长城遗产“历史复杂性”在空间上呈现的特征、差异和规律,进而为其价值的整体保护提供理论依据。

In 2016,Report on the State of Conservation of the Great Wall(China)was published,wherein,for the first time,the Great Wall was identified as a cultural landscape.Following the publication of the report,scholars started to study the value of the Great Wall as a cultural landscape.However,theoretical studies on the Great Wall Cultural Landscape,including those involving landscape content,categories,and research methods,are still rare.Referring to the theories relating to cultural landscape,this paper reviews the content of the Great Wall Cultural Landscape and suggests that the Great Wall Cultural Landscape may provide a new perspective for studying the Great Wall,and integrate the research results obtained by various disciplines in an effective,systematic manner.The Great Wall Cultural Landscape shows significant differences in terrains,landforms and climate zones in China.In this study,the features of landscape morphology represented by these differences are reviewed at different scales.Specifically,at a macro scale,the landscape morphology is characterized by"two swaying lines in the north and south"and"defense systems in the eastern and western sections"of the Great Wall.At a medium/micro scale,the landscape morphology demonstrates differences in four fields:the appearance,overall environment,military defense system and human-land relationship of the Great Wall.Identifying different zones within the Great Wall Cultural Landscape is a method for studying the spatial differences and distribution patterns of the Great Wall Cultural Landscape.According to different characteristics in landscape morphology,different zones in the Great Wall Cultural Landscape in China are divided into three classes as follows:Class I zones are identified based on geographical features and divided into eastern,central,and western zones;Class Il zones are identified based on the natural geographical regions used by the section-based Great Wall defense system;and Class Ill zones are identifed based on historical periods.Compared with previous studies,this study has the following merits.Firstly,through the zone-based study,the Great Wall Cultural Landscape with similar values or characteristics is integrated spatially,which helps comparative analyses on the heritage value of each zone in the cultural landscape to be carried out more thoroughly,promoting a comprehensive study on the heritage value of the Great Wall Cultural Landscape in China.Secondly,this zone-based study contributes to the understanding of the characteristics,differences and patterns demonstrated spatially by the historic complexity of the Great Wall heritage,and provides a theoretical foundation for the integrated conservation of the heritage value of the Great Wall.