明朝广武城及其下辖堡寨的建筑遗产价值研究

Research on the Architectural Heritage Value of Guangwu City and Its Subordinate Fortresses in the Ming Dynasty

广武城及其下辖4座堡寨,明朝时期地处大同镇与山西镇交界处的战略要地,是明长城军事防御体系的重要构成。本文采用GIS、文献分析等方法,结合实物遗存,对广武城由驿站到军堡的演变,其下辖堡寨向北移驻、与自然环境和其他军事设施的关系、建筑技术与周边隘口、敌台命名等方面的建筑遗产价值进行分析,厘清了广武城及其下辖4座堡寨防御单元的布局形式与设置成因。广武城军事地位的变化说明了明朝北部疆域向南收缩,进而加强山西镇内边长城防御体系建制的政策变化,体现了明朝山西镇军事管理体系由“卫所制”到“九边总兵镇守制”的转变过程,为该点段长城的整体保护与展示利用提供历史信息和策略参考。

Guangwu City and its subordinate fortresses are strategically located at the junction of the Ming Dynasty's Great Wall between Datong Town and Shanxi Town,forming a mature military defense system during the Ming Dynasty.This paper interprets the construction considerations,development process,and operational mechanisms of this military defense system during the Ming Dynasty.Through literature review,this paper reveals that Guangwu City evolved from a post station during the Zhengde period(1506-1521)to a military station during the Jiajing period(1522-1566),and finally,in the thirty-first year of Wanli(1603),it was officially named Guangwu City and designated as a military fortress with independent jurisdiction.The historical context gradually highlighted its military status.The changes in the military status of Guangwu City illustrate the policy changes of the Ming Dynasty,which involved the southward contraction of territory and subsequently strengthened the defense system of the Great Wall within Shanxi Town in the Ming Dynasty.In addition,the management system of Guangwu City and its subordinate fortresses underwent a transformation from the"guard post system"during the Hongwu period(1368-1398),to the"town-road-guard-post-fortress(specifically referring to fortresses)"during the Jiajing period(1522-1566),and to the"town-road-fortress city-fortress"duringthe Wanli period(1573-1620),reflecting the transition of the military management system of the Shanxi Town from the guard post system"to the"nine-border general commanding garrison system"in the Ming Dynasty.Based on field research and historical satellite maps,this paper utilizes historical topographic maps to quantitatively analyze the synergistic relationship between the defense system of the subordinate fortresses of Guangwu City and factors such as the natural environment,the Great Wall structure,passageways,enemy platforms,and weapon strike ranges.The study indicates that the fortresses are evenly distributed at the Yukou Pass on both sides of Guangwu City,situated on high ground near water sources,facilitating the control of key transportation routes while meeting the needs of water supply and livelihood.Furthermore,the fortresses are constructed with rammed earth and bricks,often interdependent with the Great Wall structure,forming a defensive posture.WHEN combined with beacon towers,they form a sequence of signaling facilities.Guangwu City gradually established and improved a military defense facility system that responded to each other,as well as a defensive cultural ideology of tenacious defense and maintaining peace.