中国早期古建筑赋存现状及影响因素分析

Status of the Preservation and Influencing Factors of Ancient Architecture before the Yuan Dynasty

我国古代建筑多以木结构为主,也伴随有相当数量的砖石结构建筑,受社会变迁、材质劣化等影响,保存至今极为困难。古建筑的存续既有一定的偶然性,同时也存在一定的必然性。目前国内文献主要聚焦于分析各时期古建筑存续数量,对不同历史时期建筑类型及其存续至今的内在因素分析不足。本文以全国重点文物保护单位中元代以前(含元代)古建筑为研究对象,对保护单位中全部单体建筑数据信息进行梳理、整合,涉及761处全国重点文物保护单位中的1433座单体建、构筑物,涵盖了从先秦至南北朝、隋唐五代、宋辽金元等多个历史时期,水利工程、寺庙、祠堂、桥梁等多种建筑类型。通过数据分析揭示了早期古建筑赋存现状的时空分布规律,并探讨了它们在政治、经济、社会文化等方面的影响因素,以及在当前社会背景下其保护与利用面临的诸多威胁与挑战,建议尽快建立早期建筑代表性名录及可信可靠的建筑模型数据库,从而构建传承有序、分布均衡的建筑遗产发展脉络及网络。

Ancient Chinese architectures are primarily wooden structures,accompanied by a considerable number of masonry structures.Preservation of ancient architecture has become extremely difficult due to societal changes,material deterioration,and other factors.The survival of ancient architecture is characterized by both randomness and necessity.Current literature in China primarily focuses on analyzing the number of ancient architectures preserved across different periods,with insufficient analysis of the types of buildings of different historical periods and the underlying factors for their survival.This article takes ancient architecture before the Yuan Dynasty among the national key protected cultural relics as the research object.It combs through and integrates the data of all individual buildings within these protected sites,covering 1433 individual buildings and structures in 761 national key protected cultural relics.It encompasses various historical periods from the Pre-Qin period to the Northern and Southern Dynasties,Sui,Tang,and Five Dynasties,and Song,Liao,Jin,and Yuan dynasties,as well as various building types such as water conservancy projects,temples,ancestral halls,and bridges.Through in-depth analysis of these data,the article reveals the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of the current status of the preservation of ancient architecture and explores the influencing factors.This article employs the data interaction tool Tableau and the geographic information system Arcgis to conduct detailed data integration and spatial analysis of the types,materials,and spatial distribution of ancient architecture before the Yuan Dynasty within the national key protected sites.By combing through and integrating the data of individual buildings and considering the historical background,this article explores the influencing factors of ancient architecture in terms of politics,economy,and social culture,and further analyzes the threats and challenges faced by the protection and utilization of ancient architecture in the current social context.