论韩非子官僚治理学说的内在逻辑

On the Internal Logic of Han Fei’s Doctrine of Bureaucratic Governance

韩非子官僚治理学说包含两个层面,一是对官僚系统的常规支配,二是对重臣的重点支配。前者确定官僚选任、考核、奖惩和监察的基本原则,奠定了官僚政治的制度基础和运行规则;后者则意在防止重臣壅蔽,疏通有关国家治乱和地方民情等信息的流通渠道。常规支配重在“规范”,强调法令制度的“稳定性”,侧重于“治事”;重点支配则重在“防范”,强调权力运作的“灵活性”,侧重于“治人”。在常规支配和重点支配之间,作为理想执政者的明主随时转换角色,既通过治理官僚以高效地管理国家事务,又维护绝对的政治秩序。“明主→治官治民→至安之世”是内含于韩非子官僚治理学说的重要逻辑,也体现了中国古代“得君行道”的思维范式。

There are two levels in Han Fei’s doctrine of bureaucratic governance:the first is for routine governance over bureaucracy system,while the second for governance over those important officials.The former provides principles for selection,assessment,reward,punishment,and supervision of the officials,laying the institutional foundation and setting the operational rules for bureaucratic governance;while the latter is designed to prevent important ministers from isolating or blinding the monarch and thus open up channels of information(about state policies and people’s living).The routine level focuses on“norms”:it holds up“stability”of legal system and takes“keeping the system in function”as its emphasis;while the focused level emphasizes“prevention”,“flexibility”of power-operation and takes“governance over people”as its emphasis.The monarch,as an ideal ruler,should be able to switch timely from one to the other,i.e.through governing bureaucrats,he not only can manage affairs with high efficiency,but also can maintain absolute political order.“Enlightened ruler→governing officials and people→a world with utmost peace”is an important logic embedded in Han Fei’s doctrine of bureaucratic governance,which also reflects the thinking paradigm of“getting a ruler to practice the right way”in ancient China.