语法化中的趋近、分化和竞争——以苍南吴语的直指动词“来、去”为例

Assimilation,Variation and Competition in Grammaticalization:The Deictic Verbs in Cangnan Wu Dialect

苍南吴语直指动词“来、去”可作趋向补语、动相补语、完成体标记、能性补语等,“来”还可用作补语标记。它们的源语义是平行对立的,但在语法化过程中展现出多维度的互动关系:空间范畴中因位移方向不同而对立,时体范畴中均表状态完结而语义和功能趋近,情态范畴中由于观察角度不同,展现出功能相近而语义分化的特征;补语标记是一个相对封闭的类,受到语言系统经济性的制约,“来”率先虚化为补语标记,阻断了同类结构往相同方向的发展。比较该反义词对在语法化过程中的语义发展,可看出,尽管【±朝向说话者】这一区别性特征消退,但从中引申出的积极和消极语义制约着直指动词语义和功能演变的始末。

The deictic verbs"lai(来)"and"qu(去)"in Cangnan Wu Dialect can be used as directional complements,phase complements,perfective aspectual marker,potential complements,and"lai来"as a complement marker as well.Though the source meanings of the two words are opposite and parallel,they have displayed multidimensional and dynamic interactions in the process of grammaticalization.They are opposed to each other in view of directions of movement.In aspectual events,they are both semantically and functionally assimilated.When denoting modality the two items share similar syntactic functions while differ semantically as a result of different viewing perspectives."lai(来)",which has developed as a full complement marker,blocks the path in which its counterpart"qu(去)"could evolve into the same syntactic marker,as the complement marker is a category comparatively closed.Some interesting facts are disclosed regarding the interactions between the two antonymous deictic verbs,for one,the distinguishing features[toward the speaker]have gradually bleached,while the positive vs.negative semantic connotations have been accompanying them through the whole grammaticalization process.