排污指标法律属性辨析——兼及“排污权”交易制度的走向

On the Analysis of the Legal Attribute of Emission Allowance——Concurrently on the Development Direction of"Emission Right"Trading System

“排污权”实为排污指标。对生产者的法律意义是,在许可的种类和数量范围内排污,它既包含权利,也包含义务。从排污不受限制到受法律规制的变化来看,排污指标的功能是设置义务。排污指标本身既不是权利,也不是财产。各种“排污权”权利说都不成立,无法为排污指标交易提供理论支持。排污指标具有某些财产属性是权力发挥作用的结果,其在交易过程中以财产的面貌出现,回到生产过程则回归到义务分配机制的本来属性。受自身本质属性的限制,排污指标的财产权能是不完整的。根据排污指标的性质和指标交易的目的,排污指标交易制度这样安排比较合适:排污指标初始分配采用当前占有无偿分配的方式;政府可以预留一定比例的储备指标,以便对排污指标的供给进行宏观调控;排污指标的交易价格由市场根据供求关系决定。

The"Emission Right"is actually the emission allowance,and for producers,its legal significance is the emission within the permitted types and quantities,which include both rights and obligations.Considering the change from unrestricted emission to law-regulated emission,the function of emission allowance is to set out obligations.The emission allowance itself is neither right nor property.Various right-related theories of"emission right"are invalid,and unable to provide theoretical support for the emission allowance trading.The emission allowance enjoys some attributes of property,which is the result of the power exercise,and it appears in the form of property in the trading process and returns to the original nature of the obligation allocation mechanism when it is back to the production process.Restricted by its own nature,the property right of emission allowance is incomplete.According to the nature of emission allowance and the purpose of allowance trading,it is rather appropriate to design the emission trading system as follows:the emission allowances are initially allocated in the mode that the emission allowances currently possessed are freely allocated;the government can reserve a certain proportion of allowances to conduct macro-control of the supply of emission allowances;the trading price of emission allowance is determined by the market based on the supply and demand.