宋代的試銜、假官與未出官人三階

The Song Dynasty's Shixian(試銜),Jiaguan(假官)and the“Three Steps of non-Chuguan(未出官)”

試銜産生於唐代,北宋逐漸弱化其功能,元豐改制正式將其廢除。但試銜的部分重要功能(授予白身人作爲出身)並未消失,轉由假官承擔。徽宗政和六年(1116)廢除假官名稱,此功能又轉由未出官人三階承擔。“試銜-假官-未出官人三階”的變化過程,是將該出身羣體逐漸編入國家統一標準的文官等級序列的過程。試銜、假官不符合北宋中後期着力營造的王朝形象,且太過低微,故未在制度層面予以正名。單憑官方典章制度敍述,很難認識到這些低微官銜生命力的强盛、漫長。

The Shixian(衔)was created in the Tang Dynasty,and its function was gradually weakened in the Northern Song Dynasty.It was formally abolished during the reform of the official system in the reign of Emperor Shenzong.However,some of the important functions(granting civilians qualifications to become officials)did not disappear,and continued to be carried out by the Jiaguan(假官).During the Emperor Huizong's reign,the system of Jiaguan(假官)was abolished,and its functions continued to be carried out by the“Three Steps of non-Chuguan(未出官)”.The process of change described above was the process of the Song Dynasty gradually integrating this group of officials into the national standardized civil official hierarchy.The Shixian(試銜)and Jiaguan(假官)were too lowly,which did not fit the image of the dynasty created by the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty,so they were not recorded in the official system.