耕作方式和药剂处理对小麦产量和赤霉病发生的影响

Effects of Tillage Method and Chemical Treatments on Yield of Wheat and Occurrence of Fusarium Head Blight

研究旨在明确不同耕作措施和药剂处理对小麦产量以及赤霉病防控效果的影响。2019-2022年,设置2种耕作方式(深旋+秸秆旋埋和免耕+秸秆覆盖)、3种药剂(对照、化学药剂和生防制剂)以及5个小麦品种,研究不同耕作和秸秆利用方式下,小麦赤霉病发生情况、药剂防治效果以及基因型差异。结果表明,2022年赤霉病发生较2020年重,主要与花后的降雨量有关;免耕+秸秆覆盖处理的产量较深旋+秸秆旋埋处理高11.76%~58.82%,主因是穗数较高,免耕+秸秆覆盖的土壤禾谷镰刀菌含量和病籽率明显低于旋耕处理,但病穗率和子囊壳数量显著高于深旋+秸秆旋埋处理;在赤霉病发生较轻年份,生防制剂防控效果最佳,其次是化学药剂处理,但在赤霉病发生偏重年份,化学药剂的防治效果略优于生防制剂;‘绵麦902’产量高但易感染赤霉病,‘川麦618’产量较高且赤霉病抗性好。总体来看,免耕秸秆覆盖产量高,选用抗性品种和合理运用药剂能够有效抑制小麦赤霉病的发生。

To clarify the influences of different tillage measures and chemical treatments on yield and occurrence of fusarium head blight of wheat,two tillage and straw utilization methods(deep-rotating straw buried and no-tillage straw mulching),three chemicals(control,chemical agents and biological preparation)and five wheat varieties were selected during 2019-2022,to study the occurrence of fusarium head blight in wheat,the effect of chemical control and genotype difference under different tillage and straw utilization methods.The results indicated that the higher incidence of fusarium head blight in 2022 was mainly related to the rainfall during flowering and grain filling stage.The yield of no-tillage straw mulch was significantly higher than that under deep-rotating straw buried by 11.76%-58.82%,mainly due to the difference of spike number,the soil fusarium content and rate of diseased grains under no-tillage were significantly lower than those under rotary tillage,but the diseased panicle rate and perithecium number were significantly higher than those under deep tillage.In the year of mild fusarium head blight occurrence,the effect of biological preparation was optimum,followed by chemical treatment.In the year of severe fusarium head blight occurrence,chemical treatment was slightly better than that of biological preparation.Among the varieties,‘Mianmai 902’had higher yield,but was susceptible to fusarium head blight infection,‘Chuanmai 618’had better yield and fusarium head blight resistance performance.On the whole,no-tillage straw mulch was beneficial to yield increase,and the occurrence of fusarium head blight can be effectively inhibited by the use of resistant varieties and reasonable agents.