反垄断执法补救受害人损失的理念阐释与制度构建

The Concept Interpretation and System Construction of Remedying Victims’Losses in Antitrust Enforcement

我国反垄断法补救受害人损失的途径有执法中没收违法所得隐含的“退赔”与反垄断损害赔偿诉讼,但实践中却面临着没收违法所得同时责令退赔的适用率极低、企业自动退赔罕见、反垄断损害赔偿诉讼成功率不高的困境,难以对受害人损失进行有效补救。通过反垄断执法补救受害人损失是“响应式重塑”理念应用于反垄断领域的直接体现。域外执法机构补救受害人损失的方式中,通过减少罚款激励违法企业自愿赔偿的英国方案,最具制度优越性与借鉴价值。为了破解我国受害人损失无法有效补救的困境,应将“响应式重塑”作为反垄断执法的核心理念,完善反垄断法规定,确保执法机构采取责令退赔的合法性,构建我国的企业自愿赔偿制度,并通过调整反垄断处罚结构和建立自愿赔偿监督受托人制度,实现企业自愿赔偿与罚款的捆绑使用,以提升企业自愿赔偿方案适用率,使受损害的民事主体能依法获得合理补偿。

In China,the avenues for remedying victims’losses under the Antitrust Law include the implicit restitution via confiscation of illegal gains during enforcement actions and antitrust damage compensation litigation.However,in practice,challenges such as the low application rate of simultaneously ordering the confiscation of illegal gains and restitution,the rarity of voluntary restitution by enterprises,and the low success rate of antitrust damage compensation litigation,make it difficult to effectively remedy the losses of victims.The strategy of remedying victims’losses by antitrust enforcement directly embodies the‘Responsive’remodellingconcept within the antitrust realm.Among the practices of foreign enforcement agencies,the UK’s approach of incentivizing illegal enterprises to voluntarily compensate by reducing fines stands out for its institutional superiority and potential for adaptation.In order to solve the dilemma that the loss of the victim cannot be effectively remedied in our country,we should take‘Responsive’remodelling as the core concept of antitrust law enforcement,improve the provisions of the antitrust law to ensure the legality of the enforcement agencies to order the refund,and build a voluntary redress scheme for enterprises in our country.Additionally,building a voluntary redress scheme for enterprises needs adjusting the antitrust penalty structure and establishing a voluntary redress supervision trustee system,realizing the bundled use of voluntary compensation and fines for enterprises.These strategies aim to enhance the adoption rate of voluntary redress schemes,thereby enabling injured civil parties to obtain just compensation according to the law.