智能媒介内容过滤义务的理论基础与规范构造——以短视频平台为考察

Theoretical Basis and Normative Construction of Content Filtering Obligations in Intelligent Media:An Examination Based on Short Video Platforms

算法推荐技术使传统避风港规则饱受质疑,影响着平台权责适配的逻辑起点。短视频平台对用户内容的推送无疑解决了信息过载问题,却也导致了现阶段用户权利的事前保护阙如和事后救济失范的局面。由此产生了实践上注意义务的扩张和学理上针对平台应然义务的争论。而施以平台过滤义务是解决该问题的关键。从侵权法的预防功能来看,过滤义务属于较高程度的注意义务,是民事注意义务内涵的延伸。同时,守门人理论是引入过滤义务正当性的支撑,具有缓解现行法对平台类型不足和过错归责解释受限的功能。有鉴于此,应以守门人理论为基础对平台的应然义务进行教义学的归位。通过对事前过滤机制的规范构造,增设或解释过滤义务条款,将过滤义务严格限缩于特定情形与用户申请两种模式;在构造时也应做好同避风港规则的相衔接和搭建错误过滤的救济程序,以期在私法上为“平台-用户”的权益分配提供新方案。

Algorithm recommendation technology has raised doubts about traditional safe harbor rules,affecting the logical starting point of platform rights and responsibilities adaptation.The push of user content by short video platforms undoubtedly solves the problem of information overload,but it also leads to a lack of prior protection of user rights and a lack of expost relief at present.As a result,there has been an expansion of the duty of care in practice and a debate in theory about the inherent obligations of platforms.The key to solving this problem is to impose platform filtering obligations.From the perspective of the preventive function of tort law,the filtering obligation belongs to a higher degree of duty of care and is an extension of the connotation of civil duty of care.Meantime,the gatekeeper theory is a support for introducing the legitimacy of filtering obligations,and has the function of alleviating the insufficient plaform types and limited fault attribution interpretation in current laws.In view of this,based on the theory of gatekeepers,the rightful obligation of the platform is doctrinally put back in place.By standardizing the construction of prior filtering mechanisms,adding or interpreting filtering obligation clauses,the filtering obligation is strictly limited to two modes:specific situations and user application;When constructing,attention should also be paid to connecting with the rules of safe havens and establishing relief procedures for error filtering,in order to provide new solutions for the distribution of rights and interests of"platform users"in private law.