曹操杂传与中古曹操历史形象的构建

The Miscellaneous Biography of Cao Cao and the Construction of the Historical Image of Cao Cao in Medieval Times

魏晋南朝时期是杂传创作的高峰期,杂传文学对于史学研究具有独特的价值。曹操形象在三国西晋时期趋于正面,及至东晋南朝其历史形象渐趋负面,“奸诈”“权谋”逐渐成为构建、形塑曹操形象的杂传文学所惯用的书写模板。这种模式的出现,除曹魏正统性在不断受政治变动而削弱外,一定程度上和南北对峙局面下迫切需要通过文本形式对政治诉求的延伸有关。以《三国志》和《后汉书》为正史参照,通过将正史中曹操形象嬗变的文字记载与曹操杂传进行比较,从而研究出杂传作品对于正史人物形象演变的独特作用,并揭示了其演变背后所蕴含的鲜明的时代特征。

The period of Wei,Jin and Southern Dynasties was the peak of miscellaneous biographies,which had a unique value for the study of history.The image of Cao Cao tended to be positive in the period of Three Kingdoms and Western Jin Dynasty,and gradually negative in the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties when"treachery"and"trickery"gradually became the writing template used in miscellaneous biographical literature to build and shape the image of Cao Cao.The emergence of this pattern,in addition to Cao Wei′s legitimacy was constantly weakened by political changes,to a certain extent,was related to the urgent need to extend political demands through text form under the North-South confrontation situation.Taking The Records of the Three Kingdoms and The History of the Later Han Dynasty as the reference of the official history,and comparing the written records of the evolution of the image of Cao Cao in the official history and the miscellaneous biographies,this paper studies the unique role of the miscellaneous biography in the evolution of the image in the official history,and reveals the distinctive characteristics of the times behind its evolution.