秦“庶长”新考

A New Textual Study of Shuzhang of the Qin

庶长是秦国历史上重要的名号,对于其性质,学界有较大争议。结合相关文献分析可知,庶长是对“大良造庶长”“左更”“左庶长”“右庶长”等卿级名号的统称,而非一种具体的官名。诸庶长的性质具有一个由官职转化为爵级的过程,最初指的是军事将领或卿大夫担任的官职。到秦惠文王前元四年,秦国改革中央官制,诸庶长转化为爵级。其后,相邦、内史、郡守等官职逐渐取代了诸庶长在行政系统中的地位与职能。

Shuzhang(庶长)is an important title of State Qin.Scholars have been debating about the exact meaning of this title.Based upon the available literature,this article points out that Shuzhang is a general term referring to several positions such as Daliangzao Shuzhang(大良造庶长),Zuogeng(左更),Zuoshuzhang(左庶长),and Youshuzhang(右庶长),rather than a specific title.Initially,all titles represented by the term Shuzhang were given to military commanders or high ranking civilian officials.By the fourth year of King Huiwen's reign(334 BCE),amid the reforms of the central bureaucratic system,Shuzhang was changed from a title of real bureaucratic positions into a title for ranking only.Accordingly,positions originally referred by Shuzhang were called in other ways such as Xiangbang(相邦),Neishi(内史),and Junshou(郡守).