推拉理论视域下中国澳门长者中心老年人孤独感的机理研究

Research on the Formation Mechanism of Loneliness among Older People in Macao,China Elderly Center Through the Lens of Push-Pull Theory

全球人口老龄化趋势不断加快,中国澳门也面临着严峻的老龄化问题。而随着近年来新冠疫情的影响,孤独感普遍存在于老年群体之中,成为影响中国澳门老年人心理健康的一个重要因素。探讨老年人孤独感的形成机理,对如何加强澳门地区老年人的健康服务,促进积极老龄化进程有一定的现实意义。文章在调查中国澳门长者中心老年人孤独感现状的基础上,采用扎根理论的分析方法,基于推拉理论和场域理论,构建了“澳门长者中心老年人孤独感的推拉力模型”。研究发现,家庭、文化和社会场域的失衡和支持都会影响着老年人的孤独感。在推拉力模型中:(1)代际关系与交际网络较差会强化老年人的孤独感,(2)社会支持较多、交际网络较好则会降低老年人的孤独感,(3)主观社会支持和个体的性别、婚姻状况、身体状况及经济压力调节着家庭、文化和社会场域对孤独感的影响。在推拉力的作用程度上,家庭场域的代际关系是老年人产生孤独感的强力催化剂;而文化场域失衡引起的孤独感推力则在特定老年移民群体中发挥着重要作用,并影响着这一群体的社会场域;而社会场域的重要程度仅次于老年人的家庭场域,同样对老年人孤独感的推拉力发挥着重要作用。基于这一现实状况,文章认为应通过发挥积极的家庭作用、构建全面多维的养老保障网、关注特殊群体并重视提升老年人的心理福祉,以实现积极老龄化。

The global trend of population aging is accelerating,and Macao,China is also facing a severe aging problem.With the impact of COVID-19 in recent years,loneliness is prevalent among older people and has become an important factor affecting their mental health in Macao,China.Exploring the formation mechanisms of loneliness among older people has practical significance for practitioners in developing health services for older people,which can promote the process of positive aging in Macao,China.Based on an investigation into loneliness among older people in Macao,China elderly centers,this study adopts push-pull theory and field theory and the method of grounded theory analysis to construct the push-pull model of loneliness among older people in Macao elderly centers.The findings of this study have indicated that imbal-ances and support in the family,cultural,and social fields influence loneliness among older adults.In the push-pull model:(1)poorer intergenerational relationships and limited social networks reinforce the sense of loneliness,(2)more social support and stronger social networks reduce the sense of loneliness,and(3)perceived social support and individual factors such as gender,marital status,physical condition,and financial pressure moderate the impact of the family,cultural,and social fields on the loneliness.In terms of the extent of the push-pull forces,intergenerational rela-tionships in the family field act as a strong catalyst for loneliness.The push force of loneliness caused by imbalances in the cultural field plays an important role among a particular group of older immigrants and influences their social inter-actions.This social field is second in importance only to the family field for older adults and also plays a significant role in the push and pull forces of loneliness.Based on these findings,the study argues that positive aging should be achieved by leveraging the active role of family support,building a comprehensive and multidimensional old-age care network,and emphasizing the enhancement of well-being among older people,especially to the immigrant group,to promote their positive aging.