康德启蒙论中的教师角色冲突

The Conflict of Teacher’s Roles in Kant’s Enlightenment Theory

启蒙是勇敢地使用自己的理性,这是康德对启蒙的规定。不过,个体的自我启蒙是相当困难的。然而,只要给予公众自由,公众的自我启蒙则更为可能。公众的自我启蒙召唤和规定着教师的角色是启蒙者而非规训者,亦即教师是启蒙学生自我启蒙的启蒙者。在启蒙的时代,公众的自我启蒙若成为可能,需要在理性的公开运用上是自由的,但在理性的私下运用上是不自由的。理性的私下运用,发生在要求服从的权威领域。教育活动中的教师之理性的使用,属于权威领域中的理性的私下运用,教师的职责因此是服从权威、规训学生,于是教师就又成了规训者。如此,教师所承担的两种角色就产生了冲突。康德认为,随着公众自我启蒙的不断进步,教师的角色冲突将会被消解。然而,由于人是特殊的、历史的,又是普遍的、超越的,所以教师的角色冲突是永恒的。

Enlightenment is to use one’s own reason bravely,which is Immanuel Kant’s rule on enlightenment.However,it is quite difficult for individuals to enlighten themselves,and it is more possible for the public to enlighten themselves,as long as they are given freedom.The public’s self-enlightenment calls and stipulates that the role of teachers is not disciplinarian but enlightener,that is,teachers are the enlighteners who enlighten students to self-enlighten.At the same time,in the age of enlightenment,if public self-enlightenment becomes possible,it needs to be free in the public use of reason,but not in the private use of reason.The private use of reason occurs in the field of authority demanding obedience.The use of teachers’reason in educational activities belongs to the private use of reason in the field of authority.Therefore,teachers’responsibility is to obey the authority and discipline students,so teachers become the disciplinarians who discipline students’thoughts.In this way,two roles of a teacher conflict with each other.Kant believes that with the continuous progress of public self-enlightenment,the role conflict of teachers will be resolved.However,people are special,historical,universal and transcendental,therefore,teachers’role conflicts may be eternal.