西南民族地区农民生活水平、减贫实效与防返进路

Living Standards,Poverty Reduction Effectiveness,and Approaches for Preventing Poverty-Returning in Southwestern Ethnic Rural Areas

当前中国已经历史性地解决了绝对贫困问题,但贫困仍然是威胁全球和平与发展的重大阻碍。我国民族地区曾是贫困问题高发的重灾区,民族地区贫困问题的解决为中国减贫事业积累了丰富的经验,主要可以归纳为:坚持减贫工作中党的领导和政府主导、坚持对民族地区的重点支持和资源投入、注重发挥自身禀赋优势和资源优势、注重民族地区文化传承发展。本文通过考察西南民族地区农民生活水平,即脱贫基本情况、时间维度变化、空间维度对比等方面,考量该地区的减贫实效,探究其中存在的问题。在此基础上利用“动因-风险”框架,阐释西南民族地区规模性返贫的影响因素,即经济结构单一、基础设施和公共服务不完善、社会人力资本不足等动因因素,以及自然灾害和气候变化、政策和制度变化的风险因素。在此基础上提出应从经济发展质量、生态环境资源、教育和人口素质、社会保障、社区参与、监测监管等方面构建防范返贫发生的实践进路。

The southwestern ethnic region was once a region with a high incidence of poverty.The deep poverty areas in China overlapped greatly with the areas of the southwest ethnic region,and the most representative ethnic poverty area was also the southwest ethnic region.Currently,China has solved the historical problem of absolute poverty,but there is still a risk of poverty-returning in the southwestern ethnic areas.The task of consolidating and expanding the achievements of poverty alleviation and implementing the rural revitalization strategy is still challenging,and achieving common prosperity is a long and arduous task.The comprehensive alleviation of poverty in ethnic regions has led to valuable conclusions about the design of institutional policies for preventing poverty returning in southwestern ethnic regions:One is to adhere to the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the government in poverty reduction work,avoiding the limitations of relying solely on market mechanisms to alleviate poverty.The second is to adhere to key support and resource investment in ethnic regions,injecting capital into breaking the“low-level balance”.Thirdly,one should focus on leveraging regional endowments and resource advantages to develop distinctive industries in ethnic regions.The fourth is to focus on the cultural construction of ethnic regions,attaching importance to the protection,inheritance,value transformation,and active guidance of ethnic culture.Through the joint efforts of the whole society,the living standards in rural areas of southwestern ethnic areas have significantly improved.However,research from a spatial perspective indicates that in terms of income and consumption level,there is still a significant gap between the southwest ethnic regions and the national rural average,as well as an internal gap within the southwest ethnic regions.Moreover,the consumption gap is larger than the income gap.In terms of the structure of consumption expenditure,the southwestern ethnic regions are similar to the national average,but the proportion of development-oriented consumption in the southwestern ethnic regions still lags behind significantly.Based on the“three criteria”proposed in this article for improving rural living standards,which are“significant level improvement,”“significant marginal effects,”and“without structural shortcomings,”the effect of poverty alleviation efforts in southwest ethnic areas is significant,reflecting the marginal effects of poverty reduction policies on heterogeneous regions.However,there are still gaps in individual indicators in certain regions,and the task of preventing poverty returning is still arduous.Using the“Motivation-Risk”framework to analyze the factors leading to large-scale poverty reduction in southwest ethnic regions,we find that the single economic structure and unsustainable industrial development are the economic factors;the imperfect infrastructure and public services are also the regional factors;and the insufficient social human capital is the social factor.Risks can be divided into natural disasters,climate change risks,and policy and institutional risks.Based on the factors contributing to returning poverty,this article suggests that the government should,together with all sectors of the society,jointly build a comprehensive,dynamic,and systematic path mechanism to prevent the occurrence of poverty returning by improving the quality of regional economic development,strengthening ecological environment protection and resource management,enhancing education and population quality,improving social security systems,strengthening social organization and community participation,and strengthening monitoring and evaluation in southern ethnic regions.