黄河上游四川民族地区草原湿地保护问题与对策

Problems in the Conservation of Grassland Wetlands in Ethnic Regions of Sichuan within the Upper Reaches of the Yellow River and Its Countermeasures

四川作为黄河上游重要的水源涵养地、补给地和国家重要湿地生态功能区,肩负着维护国家生态安全、推动黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的重任。近年来,四川坚定以习近平生态文明思想为指导,始终树牢上游意识、强化上游担当,坚持生态优先、绿色发展,扎实做好“山水林田湖草沙冰”综合治理、系统治理、源头治理各项工作,黄河上游生态屏障建设取得明显成效,草原湿地呈现“总体好转、局部可控”的态势。但由于历史原因和特殊的地理条件限制,黄河流域四川段草原湿地保护和治理依然面临诸多问题和挑战。本文以定量分析为基础,以实证研究为支撑,分析四川民族地区草原湿地保护中面临的问题与根源,建议实践中运用多种手段,健全和完善政策措施,加强横向生态补偿,进一步加大投入,持续加强区域生态环境保护,推动该区域实现高质量发展和共同富裕。

The Ruoergai Wetland and Changsha Gongma Wetland,situated within Sichuan s ethnic areas in the upper reaches of the Yellow River,stand as wetlands of global importance.Findings demonstrate their important role in reducing the greenhouse effect,stabilizing climate patterns,fostering carbon sequestration,and conserving biodiversity underscore their paramount importance:They have shown to be key to the regulation of water resources of the entire Yellow River basin,forming the bedrock of the river s ecological vitality.The region therefore can be characterized by five major features:1)outstanding water conservation capabilities;2)crucial ecological significance;3)pronounced characteristics of an alpine climate;4)weak or nascent economic development foundations;and 5)a generally upward demographic trend.At present,research attests the protection of grassland wetlands in Sichuan s upper Yellow River reaches is facing five prominent problems:a)The situation of grassland degradation and sand encroachment presents a pressing concern;b)a huge funding shortfall hampers efforts to restore and manage the shrinking wetlands;c)the traditional extensive mode of production does not meet the requirements of ecological protection;d)ecological incentive mechanisms and subsidy standards are relatively modest,while horizontal ecological compensation schemes have not yet been launched;and e)there is a notable deficiency in coordinated ecological supervision which needs to be vigorously enhanced.In response to the above outstanding problems,this paper puts forward eight key protection initiatives:First,control measures should be detailed by zoning classification to uphold the ecological protection baseline.Scientifically zoning the wetlands into forbidden grazing areas,grazing rest areas,rotational grazing areas,and ecological restoration areas based on a thorough and accurate assessment of their ecological status is encouraged.Second,one should continue to intensify project management efforts to steadily advance ecological restoration and improvement.This would involve promoting coordinated initiatives such as grassland ecological restoration and management,shrinking wetland restoration,and sandy land management.Third,taking grassland and wetland protection as a basic premise,one should promote the transformation and upgrading of agriculture and animal husbandry towards high-quality development.This would include conducting technical research to improve plateau forage varieties and highland livestock breeds,systematically establishing related demonstration sites,significantly enhancing the operational standards of agricultural and animal husbandry practices,and vigorously promoting the diversification of these industries.Fourth,leveraging the grassland wetland resource endowment,calls for building a plateau ecological industrial system.One should strive for securing special funding mechanisms to facilitate industrial transformation and development,and search for a balance between industry and ecology.Fifth,one ought to effectively improve the ability of farmers and herdsmen to achieve shared prosperity during the process of ecological protection.Sixth,a sound policy and regulatory framework targeting the comprehensive promotion of high-quality development of ecological protection areas should be established.Seventh,innovative scientific research should be enhanced to provide scientific and technological support for ecological protection.Eighth and finally,the regulatory mechanism should be improved to ensure effective governance of ecological protection.