从“死亡”视域反思唯心主义历史观——《战争与和平》托尔斯泰式人民本位思想考究

Reflection on the Idealistic Historiography From the Perspective of“Death”:An Examination of Tolstoy’s People-Centered Thought in War and Peace

整体把握《战争与和平》,人本史观贯穿了全文始终,初步建构于列夫·托尔斯泰在持续探讨死亡话题的过程中对于唯心主义历史观的反思与颠覆。通过具体考究文本中的死亡主题,逐步挖掘死亡表征,可以梳理出人物暴露于死亡之下的泡影意志、作者在叙述死亡时采用的极简形式和群体面临死亡威胁时的自发导向三个关键维度。这些死亡元素分别揭示了托尔斯泰对于唯心主义历史观的意志第一性、主体英雄倾向和权力宰制的深切反思与彻底颠覆。于此之中,托尔斯泰式历史哲学内核——人民本位思想也可见一斑。

War and Peace is permeated with a human-centric historical perspective throughout the text,which is initially constructed during Leo Tolstoy’s continuous exploration of the theme of death,reflecting on and subverting the idealistic view of history.By examining the theme of death in the text,the study gradually uncovers the representations of death,identifying three key dimensions:the illusory will of characters exposed to death,the minimalist form adopted by the author in narrating death,and the spontaneous direction of groups facing the threat of death.These elements of death respectively reveal Tolstoy’s deep reflection and thorough subversion of the idealistic historical perspective,including the primacy of will,the tendency towards heroic individualism,and the critique of authoritarian power.Within this context,the essence of Tolstoy’s historical philosophy——the people-centered ideology——is also evident.