日本雇佣关系变革下的劳动力结构性分化研究

A Study on the Structural Differentiation of Labor Force under the Change of Employment Relations in Japan

日本泡沫经济崩溃后劳动力市场进入变革期,雇佣关系向自由雇佣模式转变,形成了“正规就业-非正规就业”的二元就业结构,与少子老龄化、家庭规模小型化等一系列社会问题相互交织,劳动力市场中性别、年龄、教育和婚姻等维度下不同群体间出现了差异增大的结构性分化现象。这种结构性分化在一定程度上缓解了日本企业的成本压力,提高了劳动力市场的流动性。但伴随着日本“最小的社会单位”由以“男主外、女主内”的传统家庭模式向单核化家庭模式转换,原有的以家庭“共济”方式来弥补不同性别、年龄群体间收入差距的模式难以为继,中等收入群体出现分化,阶层差距扩大,推动日本社会结构向“金字塔型”下沉。

After the collapse of Japan's bubble economy,the labor market entered a period of change.With employment relations shifting to a free-employment model,the labor market resulted in a dual employment structure of"formal employment and informal employment",which,with a series of social problems such as the ageing with falling population of children and the miniaturization of the family size,has led to the structural differentiation phenomenon of increasing gaps among different groups in the labor market in terms of gender,age,education and marital status.To a certain extent,this structural differentiation has eased the cost pressure on Japanese companies and increased the mobility of the labor market.Nevertheless,along with the trend of converting Japan's"smallest social unit"from the traditional family model of"breadwinning man and homeworking women"to the Single-core family,the original family-based"mutual aid"model to make up for the income disparity between different genders and age groups has become unsustainable.The middle-income group has become polarized and the class gap has widened,pushing the structure of Japanese society downwards towards a"pyramid shape".