紧急救助制度的司法适用与理论反思

Judicial Application and Theoretical Reflection of Emergency Rescue System

《中华人民共和国民法典》第184条规定“紧急救助人不承担民事责任”制度,旨在鼓励见义勇为,遏制道德滑坡现象。然而,在司法实践中,该条款的适用出现了对“自愿”的识别标准不清晰、“紧急”的判断条件不明确、重大过失是否免责的认定不一致等问题。从民法解释学的视角,该条款在司法适用中应当遵循以下规则:“自愿”无须与法定或约定义务相联系,直接根据文义进行认定,存在非因先行行为引起的法定义务或无偿约定义务时,也可适用该条款;“紧急”情形应当采用理性人标准判断且限于人身安全;救助人存在重大过失时应当减轻责任,而非完全豁免赔偿责任。

Article 184 of the Civil Code stipulates the system of“emergency rescuer shall not bear civil liability”,which aims to encourage acts of heroism and curb moral decline.However,in judicial practice,the application of this article has some problems,such as the unclear identification standard of“voluntary”,the unclear judgment condition of“urgent”,and the inconsistent identification of whether gross negligence is exempt from liability.From the perspective of civil hermeneutics,the judicial application of this provision should follow the following rules:“voluntary”does not need to be associated with statutory or contractual obligations,and is directly determined according to the interpretation of the text;This clause can also be applied when there are legal obligations not caused by the prior act and agreed obligations of free rescue;“Emergency”situations should be judged by the rational person standard and limited to personal safety;When the rescuer is guilty of gross negligence,the liability should be reduced rather than completely exempted from compensation.