法人实施有效民事法律行为的界限研究

The Boundary of Valid Civil Legal Acts Performed by Legal Persons

当前我国民法体系中对法人实施民事法律行为的效力边界未有明确规定,这主要是法人的民事权利能力和民事行为能力范围不清晰导致的。从我国民法体系法人制度的历史演变轨迹来看,国家对法人民事权利能力和民事行为能力规范的界限已发生了较大变化。通过解释目前相关法律条文的文义以及类推适用这种“法律漏洞”补充方式,可以看出:法人的民事权利能力不受其经营范围、业务范围或章程规定、设立目的宗旨或任务规定的限制,与自然人相同,其有资格在所有民事法律行为中享有民事权利和承担民事义务;但这并不意味着其拥有以自己的行为去取得所有民事活动中的民事权利、履行民事义务的民事行为能力。除了在前述规定范围内实施的符合法律规定的民事法律行为有效外,在前述规定范围外实施的民事法律行为要根据法人的不同类型及其是否获得政府许可或法律授权等因素来确定该民事法律行为的效力。

Due to the unclear scope of the capacity of legal persons for civil rights and civil conduct,there is currently no clear provision on the boundary of the validity of legal acts performed by legal persons in China s civil law system.Judging from the historical evolution of the legal person system in China s civil law system,there have been significant changes in the boundary of national law regulating the capacity of legal persons for civil rights and civil conduct.By interpreting the literal meaning of the current relevant legal provisions and applying analogy to fill the legal loopholes,it can be concluded that the civil capacity of a legal person is not limited by the provisions of its business scope,business line,articles of association,establishment purpose or tasks.Like a natural person,it is entitled to enjoy civil rights and assume civil obligations in all civil legal acts,but this does not mean that it has the civil capacity to enjoy civil rights and assume civil obligations in all civil activities through its own acts.In addition to the validity of civil legal acts performed within the specified scope and in accordance with legal regulations,the validity of civil legal acts performed outside the specified scope is determined by such factors as the type of legal entity and whether it has obtained government approval or legal authorization.