抗阻训练对运动表现的影响及作用机制研究进展

Advances in the Study of the Effects and Mechanisms of Action of Resistance Training on Sports Performance

目的:综述前人研究成果,客观呈现抗阻训练对运动表现的影响以及这种影响背后的实现通路,为后续抗阻训练的研究提供一定的参考。方法:在Web of science核心合集数据库、Pubmed、中国知网等数据库中以“resistance training”“sports performance”“mechanism of action”为关键词进行检索,对检索出文献中不符合的内容以及重复发表的文献进行剔除,最后共获得有效参考文献47篇。结果:(1)抗阻训练使受试者力量、速度、耐力得到了显著提升,而注意力以及执行功能则略有改善。(2)抗阻训练创新点在于如何控制训练的强度及容量,从训练效益方面来说,通常训练强度与量度成反比。(3)抗阻训练所带来的适应性及其所涉及的生物学机制包括了肌蛋白浓度变化以及蛋白结合通路改变;脑波增强、运动神经元更加活跃;睾酮/皮质醇浓度变化。结论:抗阻训练对运动表现所带来的影响利大于弊,但过激的训练负荷可能也会带来一定的伤病隐患,因此在针对不同训练群体时,应在保证安全的前提下,以较小的幅度增加负荷的重量以刺激机体更快地适应,促进后续运动表现得到更好、更快地提升。

OBJECTIVE:This review aims to summarize previous research findings and objectively present the effects of resistance training on sports performance,as well as the underlying mechanisms behind these effects,to provide a reference for future research on resistance training.METHODS:The databases used for literature search included Web of Science Core Collection,PubMed,and China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI).Keywords used for the search were“resistance training,”“sports performance,”and“mechanism of action.”Irrelevant and duplicate publications were excluded,resulting in a total of 47 relevant articles.RESULTS:(1)Resistance training significantly improves strength,speed,and endurance in participants,while attention and executive function show slight improvements.(2)The innovation of resistance training lies in how to control the intensity and volume of training.In terms of training benefits,training intensity is generally inversely proportional to volume.(3)The adaptability brought about by resistance training and the biological mechanisms involved include changes in muscle protein concentration and alterations in protein binding pathways,enhanced brain waves and increased activity of motor neurons,as well as changes in testosterone/cortisol concentration.CONCLUSION:The effects of resistance training on sports performance outweigh the disadvantages.However,excessive training loads may also lead to potential risks of injury.Therefore,when targeting different training populations,it is important to increase the weight load with smaller increments under safe conditions to stimulate faster adaptation of the body,thus promoting better and quicker improvements in subsequent sports performance.