论马克思对主体形而上学的社会历史批判

On Marx's Social and Historical Criticism of Subject Metaphysics

主体形而上学作为以认知主体为核心的哲学形态,直接导致了主客二分的问题。对此,现当代哲学家试图通过修正理性来弥合这种分裂,或是通过寻求“理性的他者”和“工具理性批判”等方式来解构认知主体。然而,由于这些方式仅仅局限于主客二分的意识哲学范式内来对其进行理论哲学的批判,始终无法穷竭认知主体的症候。马克思超越了主客二分的意识哲学范式,建构了交互主体化的实践哲学范式,为解决认知主体的主客二分图式开辟了独特路径。在社会历史视域内,主体与世界的关系不再是实体化的认知主体与实体化的物自体之间的二元对立关系,而是转换成社会关系的实践关系主体与为我关系中的历史化自然之间本源性的共在关系。随着批判范式的转换,主体性问题的问题域、限度和内涵也发生了重大变化,使得批判更具彻底性、辩证性和当代价值性,这构成了马克思主体形而上学批判思想的独特意义和价值。

As a philosophical form with cognitive subject as the core,subjective metaphysics directly leads to the problem of subject-object dichotomy.In this regard,modern and contemporary philosophers attempt to bridge this split by modifying rationality,or deconstruct the cognitive subject by seeking“rational other”and“instrumental rationality criticism”.However,as it is only limited to the theoretical philosophy of cognitive philosophy paradigm of subject-object dichotomy,it has been unable to exhaust the symptoms of cognitive subject.Marx transcended the cognitive philosophy paradigm of subject-object dichotomy and constructed the practical philosophy paradigm of interactive subjectivity,which has opened up a unique path to solve the subject-object dichotomy of cognitive subject.In the social history perspective,the relationship between subject and world is no longer the binary opposition between the embodied cognitive subject and the embodied thing itself,but transformed into the original coexistence relationship between the practical relationship subject permeated with historical social relations and the historic nature in the relationship of self.With the transformation of the critical paradigm,the problem domain,limits and connotation of subjectivity have also undergone major changes,making the criticism more thorough,dialectical and contemporary value,which constitutes the unique significance and value of Marx's subjectivity criticism.