环境行政处罚司法审查中“明显不当”标准认定与适用——基于对137份判决书的实证分析

Identification and Application of“Obviously Improper”Standard in Judicial Review of Environmental Administrative Punishment-Based on Empirical Analysis of 137 Judgments

环境行政处罚司法审查中“明显不当”标准的认定与适用是实践中的重点和难点。通过对137件相关案例的分析可知,目前“明显不当”标准的适用的困境可以被归纳为,“明显不当”标准适用领域不确定与“明显不当”判定标准模糊。而标准适用困境的成因则包括审查标准适用模糊以及缺乏统一的判定标准适用路径。其中,缺乏统一的判定标准适用路径具体体现在,专业性行政行为司法审查具有局限性、裁量基准在司法审查中的适用尚不明确以及对行政法基本原则的适用存在分歧三个方面。宜采取“总+分”的形式优化环境行政处罚司法审查中“明显不当”标准适用路径。其中,在“总”的层面需健全裁量基准在司法审查中的适用机制以及创新专家辅助人制度。在“分”的层面则可以从厘清立法定位与运用体系解释两方面出发,明确“明显不当”标准的适用领域;从细化“结果畸轻畸重”标准与“忽视相关因素”、厘清“违背行政法原则”标准两方面入手完善“明显不当”的判定标准。

The identification and application of“obviously improper”standard in judicial review of environmental administrative punishment is the key and difficult point in practice.Through the analysis of 137 relevant cases,the present application dilemma of the“obviously improper”standard is summarized as the uncertainty of the application field of the“obviously improper”standard and the ambiguity of the“obviously improper”judgment standard.The causes of the dilemma include the fuzzy application of review standards and the lack of a unified path for the application of judgment standards,among which the latter is embodied in the limitations of judicial review of professional administrative acts,the unclear application of discretionary benchmarks in judicial review and the divergence in the application of basic principles of administrative law.Finally,the application field of the“obviously improper”standard is clarified from two aspects of clarifying the legislative positioning and the application system interpretation.To improve the criterion of“obviously improper”from three aspects:refining the criterion of“abnormal results”and clarifying the criterion of“violating the principle of administrative law”;At the same time,improve the application mechanism of discretion benchmark in judicial review and innovate the expert assistant system,and optimize the application path of“obviously improper”standard in judicial review of environmental administrative punishment.