背包负重步行的生理学和生物力学研究进展

Research Progress of Physiology and Biomechanics of Backpack-Bearing Walking

背包是常用的负重工具,然而人体在背包步行中可能出现一系列的生理学和运动学变化,对其姿势和健康产生影响。本文通过文献整理的方法系统综述了有关背包负重步行下人体生理学和生物力学的研究进展。探讨了背包结构与设计,长时间负重步行下的生理学和生物力学表现,以及特殊人群的背包健康问题。研究发现,背包设计需符合人体工效学,同时重点应放在对背包舒适性、功能性以及适用性进行差异化设计。在生理学方面,背包重量和步行速度显著影响能量成本和心肺活动,引起健康成人呼吸肌疲劳的背包重量阈值在20~25 kg。在生物力学方面,背包重量、背负方式和上下坡地形会对躯干姿势、躯干和下肢肌肉活动、步态参数以及稳定性造成不同的影响。学生、老年和职业人群有不同的背包健康问题,对背包舒适性、便携性、可调性和减重性的需求也不完全相同。

Backpacks are commonly used as a weight-bearing tool,however,the human body may experience a.range of physiological and kinematic changes during backpack walking that have implications for its posture and health.In this paper,we systematically reviewed the research progress on human physiology and biomechanics under backpack weight-bearing walking through a literature ollaion approach.Backpack structure and design,physiologi-cal and biomechanical performance under prolonged weight-bearing walking,and backpack health in special popula-tions were explored.This study found that the design of backpacks needs to be ergonomic,with the focus on differenti-ated design for backpacks comfort,functionality,and suitability.In terms of physiology,backpack weight and walking speed significanly aflet energy cost and cardiorespiratory activity,causing respiratory muscle fatigue thresh-old loads that may range from 20~25 kg.In terms of biomechanics,backpack weight,carrying mode,and uphill and downhill terrain can diferentially afct trunk posture,muscle activity,gait parameters,and stability.Students,the elderly,and professionals have diferent backpack health issues,and their needs for backpack comfort,portability,adjustability,and weight loss are not entirely the same.