《史记》考证五则

Five Textual Research on Historical Records,by Sima Qian

《史记》流传时间久远,篇幅丰富,至今还留存了许多亟待解决的疑难字词问题,例如:“禁不得祠”中,“禁不得”乃一语义复现结构,“禁”可与各类否定词,组成语义复现形式;“乃循从代来功臣”,“循”确诂为“安慰、抚慰”,不必从《汉书》异文改为“修”;“铸钱器”,“钱”当是“铁”的讹字,义为“铸造铁制器具”;“且夫楚唯无强”,“唯无”是文献中常见结构,表示一种假设情况;“数见不鲜”中,“鲜”指新杀的肉食,非指人际关系的新鲜感。以上五处需要回到当时语言环境中,通过足量的书证归纳,运用考察分布等方法,给予更加准确的解释。

Historical Records,by Sima Qian has been circulating for a long time and is rich in length.To this day,there are still many difficult word problems that need to be solved,such as:In"jin bu de ci"(禁不得祠),"jin bu de"(禁不得)is a semantic reproduction structure,and"jin"(禁)can be combined with various negative words to form a semantic reproduction form;The phrase"nai xun cong dai lai gong chen"(乃循从代来功臣),"xun"(循)is accurately translated as"comfort",and there is no need to change it to a different text in the The History of the Han Dynasty;The phrase"zhu qian qi"(铸钱器),"qian"(钱)should be an incorrect word for"tie"(铁),meaning"cast iron utensils";The phrase"qie fu chu wei wu qiang"(且夫楚唯无强),"wei wu"(唯无)is a common structure in literature,representing a hypothetical situation;In"shuo jian bu xian"(数见不鲜),"xian"(鲜)refers to newly killed meat,not the freshness of interpersonal relationships.The above five points need to be returned to the language environment at that time,summarized through sufficient documentary evidence,and explained more accurately through methods such as examining distribution.