基于力-构-能模型的钻井法凿井钻进参数设计思路与方法

The design idea and method of the bit structure and drilling parameters for shaft drilling based on mechanics-structure-energy coordination model

竖井钻机钻井法是实现井筒机械化、无人化和智能化建设的重要技术之一。西部弱胶结地层钻井法凿井基岩破碎难、刀具损坏率高、糊齿和吸渣口堵塞等现象突出,高钻压、排渣不及时、泥包钻头易导致钻头憋死,而大扭矩钻进又发生了钻杆断裂、钻具掉落等事故,进尺缓慢和反复提钻维修、钻具打捞导致钻井工效极低,主要原因是钻头结构及其刀具布置不合理、钻进参数与岩石条件不匹配、破岩与排渣效率不协调。为解决弱胶结地层钻井法凿井“破不掉、排不出、进尺慢、能耗高”的现实难题,梳理了竖井钻机钻头破岩钻进技术现状及存在的问题,以“系统”和“过程”为基本观点,提出了基于力-构-能协调模型的钻进参数设计思路与方法,应重点围绕弱胶结地层钻井法凿井钻头结构设计及其力学特征、基于钻头滚刀运动轨迹的滚刀布置、基于气-液-固耦合流场的排渣效率优化以及基于能量转化机制的钻进参数优化4个主要方面开展研究,进而形成融合钻头结构、滚刀布置、洗井排渣和能量消耗等多因素的钻头高效钻进参数设计方法,为西部弱胶结地层钻井法凿井低能耗破岩、高效率排渣和破-排效率协调作业提供支撑,推动竖井钻机钻井法在西部弱胶结地层凿井中的应用。

The shaft drilling method is a crucial technology for achieving mechanization, unmanned operation, and intelligent construction of shafts. In the western regions, the weak cementing formation drilling method faces challenges such as difficulty in breaking bedrock, high tool damage rate, blockage of teeth and slag suction holes, high bit pressure leading to delayed slag discharge, drill bit death due to mud bag accumulation, as well as accidents like drill pipe fracture and tool drop during high-torque drilling. These issues result from unreasonable drill structure and cutter layout, mismatch between drilling parameters and rock conditions, and disharmony between rock breaking and slag discharging efficiency. To address the practical problems of “no break, no discharge, slow penetration and high energy consumption” in weakly consolidated formation drilling methods, it is necessary to analyze the current situation and existing problems of rock-breaking drilling technology for shaft drill bits. Design concepts and methods based on force-structure-energy coordination models should be proposed for optimizing drilling parameters. The research should focus on four main aspects: structural design and mechanical characteristics of drill bits in weakly consolidated formation drilling methods;hob placement based on bit hob movement trajectory;optimization of slag discharge efficiency based on gas-liquid-solid coupling flow field;as well as optimization of drilling parameters based on energy conversion mechanisms. Furthermore, a design method for efficient drill bit parameters that integrates factors such as drill bit structure, hob layout, washing wells, and slag discharge with energy consumption will support low-energy consumption rock breaking, high-efficiency slag discharge, and coordinated operation of broken-discharge efficiency in weakly consolidated formation drilling methods in the west, promoting the application of shaft drilling methods in the west weakly consolidated formation drilling.