唐前期对农“四位一体”制度建构及其废毁

Analysis of the Construction and Abolition of the“Four in One”System for Peasant Household in the Early Tang Dynasty

唐朝前期制定推行了控制广大均田农户的均田制、赋役制、计帐户籍制和州县乡里制。这四项制度密切关联,协调配套,建构起一个整体制度体系,形成“四位一体”组合结构。这是针对农户和农民制定的基本制度,也是维护国家治理的重要制度保障。但这一制度体系和组合结构具有理想化特色,在实际的关联配套中出现了多方面脱节失调,表现在均田制与赋役制脱节日益严重,全国性农户逃亡脱籍持续恶化,计帐户籍编制日渐紊乱,州县乡里官司腐败残暴等,这些造成了制度体系的结构性运行日趋失序混乱。到玄宗开天时期,实际结构性运行陷入废弛失效,整体制度体系也陷入废毁瓦解。唐朝前期对农“四位一体”制度建构由完善到废毁的过程,反映了唐王朝对农制度体系建构的兴废沿革和国家治理的由盛转衰。

In the early Tang Dynasty,the equalization of land system,the taxes and corvee system,the accounting household registration system and system of counties and townships were formulated and implemented to cultivate and control the vast number of farmer households.These four systems are closely interrelated,coordinated and complementary,constituting an overall institutional system,and forming a“four-inone”combined structure,which is the basic institutional arrangement for farmers and peasants household,and is also an important institutional guarantee for the national governance.However,this system and combination of structure have idealized characteristics,and there are many dissonances and maladjustment during its actual structural operation,which are manifested in the increasingly serious disconnection between the equalization of the farmland system and the taxes and corvee system,the continuous deterioration of the nationwide flight of farmers from the registration,the increasing disorder of accounting household registration system,and the increasing disorder and chaos of the structural operation of the system caused by corruption and brutality in the county and township,and so on.By the period of Kaitian(开天)during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong(玄宗),the actual structural operation became invalid,and the whole institutional system collapsed,which reflected the evolution of the construction of the agricultural system in the Tang Dynasty and the transition from prosperity to decline of national governance.