氢能储运技术现状及发展分析

Current Status and Development of Hydrogen Storage and Transportation Technologies

在氢能的“制储输用”全产业链中,储运成本约占总成本的30%~40%,是制约氢能大规模发展的主要瓶颈。目前主要的储氢方式可分为高压气态储氢、低温液态储氢、有机液态储氢和固态储氢。高压气态储氢是目前氢能储存中应用最为广泛的方法。低温液态储氢需要耐超低温、保持超低温、耐压、密封性强的特殊容器,制造难度大,成本高昂,因而制约了其发展,目前在民用领域还鲜有应用。有机液态储氢的储氢量较大,且存储介质为液态有机物,存储的同时也可进行常温常压输送,目前在我国仍处于研究阶段,尚未大规模普及。固态储氢材料可分为物理吸附和化学吸附两大类,其中物理吸附材料包括传统的碳基多孔材料、介孔材料、金属有机框架、共价有机框架等;化学吸附材料包括金属氢化物、配位氢化物、氢水化合物等。管道运输长期以来被视为大规模输运介质的低成本方式。高压氢气管输技术门槛低且最为成熟,目前仍是新建长距离输氢管道时优先考虑的氢能管输方式。天然气管道掺氢输送可以利用现役天然气管道设施,降低前期建设成本,被认为是实现氢能大规模输送最具发展潜力的技术。液态管道输氢受限于建设成本高及技术不成熟,尚没有长距离液氢管输实例,但低温液氢管输未来可期。

In the whole industry chain of hydrogen energyincluding production,storage,transportation and use,the storage and transportation costs account for about 30% to 40% of the total cost,so it is the main bottleneck restricting the large-scale development of hydrogen energy.At present,the main hydrogen storage methods include high pressure gaseous hydrogen storage,low temperature liquid hydrogen storage,organic liquid hydrogen storage and solid hydrogen storage.Highpressure gaseous hydrogen storage is the most widely used method for hydrogen energy storage.Low temperature liquid hydrogen storage requires special containers that can withstand and maintain ultra-low temperature,withstand pressure and provide strong sealing properties.The manufacture difficulty and high cost of such container restrict the development of low temperature liquid hydrogen storage,so there are few applications in civil field.The hydrogen storage capacity of organic liquid hydrogen storage is large,and the storage medium is organicliquid,which can be stored and transported at normal temperature and pressure.It is still in the research stage and has not been widely used in China.Solid hydrogen storage materials can be divided into two categories,i.e.,physical adsorption and chemical adsorption.Physical adsorption materials include traditional carbon-based polyporous materials,mesoporous materials,metal-organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks.Chemical adsorption materials include metal hydride,coordination hydride and hydrogen hydrate.Pipeline transportation has long been regarded as a low-cost way for large-scale transportation of media.With low technology threshold,high pressure hydrogen pipeline transportation is the most mature technology and is still the preferred hydrogen pipeline transportation method for new long-distance hydrogenpipelines.Hydrogen-doped natural gas pipeline transportation can make use of the existing natural gas pipeline facilities to reduce the preliminary construction cost,so it is considered to be the most promising technology to achieve large-scale hydrogentransportation.Liquid hydrogen pipeline transportation is limited by high construction cost and immature technology.There is no example of long-distance liquid hydrogen pipeline transportation,but low temperature liquid hydrogen pipeline transportation can be expected in the future.