阶级、秩序和性别的三重竞争——《德伯家的苔丝》中的“出行空间”

Competitions of Classes, Orders and Genders--On “Travel Space” in Tess of the D’Urbervilles

《德伯家的苔丝》中的“出行空间”体现了维多利亚时期英国在社会阶层、新旧秩序和男女性别方面的三重竞争。首先,书中不同人物选择或变换交通工具体现着自身阶层及其变迁。其次,苔丝第四次出行没有返回家乡暗示其人生乃至社会传统秩序已然失序。最后,工业革命背景下,女性利用新的交通工具获得更多外出或就业机会,这让她们有机会跟男性身处同一“出行空间”使得女性平等意识迅猛发展。苔丝则通过步行将自己地图化,从而超越男性的刻板期待,成为文学史上反性别歧视的先驱。更重要的是,呈现“出行空间”三重竞争的同时,哈代对这些社会变迁的态度也跃然纸上。

The“travel space”in Tess of the D’Urbervilles reflects the triple competitions of social class,old and new social order and genders in Victorian England.Firstly,that different characters choose or change the means of transportation reflects their own classes and changes.Secondly,Tess did not return to her hometown on the fourth trip,suggesting that her life and even the traditional social order had been out of order.Finally,in the context of the Industrial Revolution,women used new means of transportation to get more opportunities to go out or get jobs,which gave them the opportunity to be in the same“travel space”with men,and the fast development of women’s awareness of equality.Tess mapped herself through walking,thus transcending the stereotyped expectation of men and becoming a pioneer of anti-sexism in literary history.More importantly,by presenting the triple competitions for“travel space”,this paper reveals Hardy’s attitude towards these social changes.