行贿受贿“并重异刑”模式的提倡与展开——兼评《刑法修正案(十二)》的相关修改

Advocacy and Development of“Equal Emphasis but Different Punishment”Mode in Offering and Taking Bribe——Comment on Relevant Amendments of Criminal Law Amendment(Ⅻ)

当前“重受贿轻行贿”的局面存在刺激受贿犯罪形成,降低国民对行贿罪不法感知度的弊端,但是行贿并非贿赂犯罪的根源,且行贿罪的不法和责任均低于受贿罪,因此不能对行贿受贿采取“并重同刑”的模式,“并重异刑”模式才是治理行贿受贿的应然选择。为落实这一政策,必须认识到囚徒困境是不得已的侦查手段,希冀以囚徒困境来预防贿赂犯罪可能收效甚微;还要正确把握对于贿赂犯罪的宽严相济政策,防止行贿者利用单位行贿罪或企业刑事合规来逃避制裁。《刑法修正案(十二)》增加行贿罪从重处罚的情形体现了对打击行贿行为的重视;下调行贿罪的法定刑为“异刑”提供了潜在可能。未来应当进一步下调行贿罪的法定刑,加大受贿未遂、行贿未遂的打击力度,删除贿赂犯罪中的特别自首制度和特别从宽制度,但应保留行贿罪中“为谋取不正当利益”这一构成要件。

The current situation of “attaching more importance to taking bribes than offering bribes” has the disadvantage of stimulating the formation of bribery crime and reducing people’s perception of the illegality of bribery crime.However,offering bribe is not the root cause of bribery crime,and the illegality and responsibility of the crime of offering bribes are lower than that of the crime of taking bribes.Therefore,the mode of “equal emphasis and equal punishment” cannot be adopted for offering and taking bribes,and the mode of “equal emphasis but different punishment” is the appropriate choice for controlling the crime of bribery.In order to implement this policy,it is necessary to realize that the prisoner’s dilemma is an inevitable means of investigation,and it may produce very little effect to hope to prevent the crime of bribery with the prisoner’s dilemma.It is also necessary to correctly grasp the policy of balancing leniency and severity in bribery crimes to prevent bribers from using unit bribery or enterprise criminal compliance to evade sanctions.The newly added situation of severe punishment of the crime of offering bribes in Criminal Law Amendment (Ⅻ) reflects the emphasis on cracking down on bribery;The reduction of the statutory punishment of the crime of offering bribes provides possibilities for “different punishment”.In the future,the statutory punishment of the crime of offering bribes should be further lowered,the crackdown on attempted taking bribes and attempted offering bribes should be strengthened,and the special surrender system and special leniency system in bribery crimes should be deleted,but “seeking illicit interests” in the crime of offering bribes should still be retained.