“X怎么着”类回声构式的句法特征、语义模型及语用表现

Syntax Features,Semantic Models and Pragmatic Performance of Echo Constructions“X怎么着”

汉语口语表达中的常用格式“X怎么着”分为两类:一类表示询问,一类表示反诘。后者表达的是说话人对前一说话人(受话人)话语X的否定态度,其整体意义的解读不能从组成成分的意义简单相加获得,可以界定为回声构式。从句法上看,回声构式中的X一般为名词性成分、谓词性成分,以及少量单句,主要有完全回声、截取回声和转换回声三种形式。从语义上看,名词性成分表现为主体,含有言外之意,谓词性成分以及单句表现为事件,对言说几方存在利害关系,形成了四种语义模型。从语用上看,说话人使用该类构式表达强烈的反诘否定,主要表现为强冲突型情感和弱冲突型情感两种情感倾向,以及居于话轮之首,容易激发前一说话人(受话人)采取对抗策略的语篇特征。

The commonly used format“X怎么着”in spoken Chinese can be divided into two categories:one for inquiry,and one for rhetorical questioning.The latter expresses the speaker’s negative attitude towards the previous speaker’s(receiver’s)statement X,and its overall meaning cannot be simply obtained by adding the meanings of its components.It can be defined as an echo construction.From a syntactical perspective,the elements that can enter the position of“X”in the category of“X怎么着”are usually nouns,verbs,and a few simple sentences.There are three forms:complete echo,clipped echo,and transformed echo.From a semantic perspective,nouns represent subjects with hidden meanings,while verbs and simple sentences represent events with stakeholder relationships.This results in four semantic models.From a pragmatic perspective,speakers use this construction to express strong rhetorical questions with negative implications,mainly showing emotional tendencies of strong conflict or weak conflict,and having discourse features such as being at the beginning of the turn,easily provoking the previous speaker(receiver)to adopt a confrontational strategy.