门户·师父·师承:中国武术传承动力研究

Menhu,Master,and Inheritance:A Study on the Inheritance Motivation of Chinese Martial Arts

中国武术师徒的传递与接续保障术业链条传承不断,师徒组成的共同体成为武术文化传承的主体。运用文献资料法和田野调查法,从组织行为学角度考察武术群体内部治理结构及运行机制,展现武术师徒组成的时空谱系对文化传承的意义。认为:①武术师徒群体组成了文化传续共同体,师徒在组织中产生代际继替的社会意义。②师父在门户组织中扮演管理者角色,积极谋划组织继替并培育传人。守护者、组织者、引导者构成师父“三位一体”的组织角色,在选材上严格把关筛选潜在传承人、在组织关系上串联群体继承、在代际传递上赋予责任与使命,师父在组织“传”与“承”两端积极谋划,保障门户成员对技艺的顺利接续。③中国武术传承的动力在于师徒所在门户赋予的组织责任与使命。④师承是师徒传续的纽带,为传承提供了文化代际传递的历史脉络与组织保障。

The transmission and continuation of Chinese martial arts masters and apprentices continue to guarantee the inheritance of the technical chain,and the community composed of masters and apprentices has become the main body of martial arts cultural inheritance.By using the methods of literature and field investigation,this paper investigates the internal governance structure and operation mechanism of martial arts groups from the perspective of organizational behavior,and shows the significance of the spatial and temporal pedigree of martial arts masters and apprentices to cultural inheritance.It is believed the following items.①Martial arts master-apprentice groups form a cultural inheritance community,and master-apprentices have the social significance of intergenerational succession in the organization.②Master plays the role of manager in the Menhu organization,actively planning the succession of the organization and cultivating successors.The guardian,organizer and guide constitute the organizational role of Master’s“trinity.”In the selection of talents,the potential inheritors are strictly screened,the group inheritance is connected in the organizational relationship,and the responsibility and mission are given in the intergenerational transmission.Master actively plans at both ends of the organization’s“transmission”and“inheritance”to ensure the smooth continuation of the skills of Menhu members.③The power of Chinese martial arts inheritance lies in the organizational responsibility and mission given by the Menhu.④Inheritance is the link between mentoring and apprenticeship,which provides the historical context and organizational guarantee for the intergenerational transmission of culture.