乳中嗜冷菌检测和分析方法的研究进展

Recent Progress on Methods for the Detection and Analysis of Psychrophilic Bacteria in Milk

乳是适宜微生物生长的优良培养基,易被来自环境的微生物污染。在生乳低温贮存过程中,嗜冷菌是最主要的微生物,并且嗜冷菌在低温环境中会产生耐热的蛋白酶和脂肪酶,热处理过后仍保持活性,在液态乳贮藏过程中分解蛋白质和脂肪,影响乳的品质。目前我国行业标准规定的乳中嗜冷菌计数方法需要将试样在6.5℃条件下培养10 d,耗时过长,在实际生产中应用价值较低。因此,开发针对嗜冷菌及其耐热酶的检测技术对保障乳及乳制品品质十分必要。本文综述了国内外针对乳中嗜冷菌鉴定与分析开发的多种方法,涉及的技术包括聚合酶链式反应、测序技术、荧光原位杂交、环介导等温扩增等,为开发可用于检测乳中嗜冷菌的技术提供参考。

Milk is an excellent medium for the growth of microorganisms,which is easily contaminated by microorganisms from the environment.Psychrophilic bacteria are the most common microorganisms in cold-stored raw milk.Moreover,psychrophilic bacteria produce heat-resistant proteases and lipases in low-temperature environments,which remain active even after heat treatment,and decompose proteins and fats in liquid milk during storage,thereby affecting the quality of milk.The counting method for psychrophilic bacteria in milk specified by the agricultural industry standard of China takes 10 days to culture samples at 6.5℃for 10 days,which is time-consuming and has low application value in actual production.Therefore,the development of detection technologies for psychrophilic bacteria and their heat-resistant enzymes is very important for ensuring the quality of milk and dairy products.This article reviews a variety of methods for the identification and analysis of psychrophilic bacteria in milk,including polymerase chain reaction(PCR),sequencing,fluorescence in situ hybridization,and loop-mediated isothermal amplification.It provides a reference for the development of new detection technologies for psychrophilic bacteria in milk.