从捐纳到荐举:三藩之乱中的制科事件与士人心态——兼论己未词科的诏试缘由

Imperial Examinations and the Change of Scholar mentality in the early Qing Dynasty

顺康之际,以吴三桂为代表的军事勋贵集团处于强势地位,随着三藩之乱的爆发,世乱重武的风气使得边缘心态在士林社会蔓延。为弥补战争带来的巨大财政消耗,清廷在康熙丁巳年为捐纳者增设乡试一场,这种唯“财”是举的选拔方式引发了士林社会的极大不满。郭棻《请选拔贡监生疏》在肯定捐纳供给军需的同时,主张关注绌于无赀者,明确提出选拔博学鸿才,以收士心的建议。继丁巳乡试之后出现的己未词科使一批才大身微的士人脱颖而出,通过颂扬武功、典试地方、参与外事等活动,可以彰显博学鸿儒这一群体在清廷由上到下、由内而外推行文治过程中的重要作用。从丁巳乡试到己未词科,可以看出清廷在统治策略上的不断成熟,生动感知清初士人心态在科举语境下的嬗变轨迹。

In the early Qing Dynasty,the General Group represented by Wu San-gui was in a strong position.With the outbreak of the rebellion of three vassal states,the fringe mentality spread in the scholars’society due to the military-oriented culture of the world.In order to make up for the huge financial consumption brought about by the war,the provincial examination in the 16th year of the Kangxi reign dampened the enthusiasm of scholars.This“money”orientated way of selection triggered a great dissatisfaction of the scholarly society.Guo Fen’s A Plead to Select Talents affirmed the donations to supply military needs,and at the same time,advocated attention to the shortage in the incalculable,and clearly put forward the selection of learned and talented people,in order to win favor of the scholars.Following the provincial examination in the 16th year of the Kangxi reign,“section of Jiwei”made a group of talent stand out through the praise of martial arts,canonical test place,and participate in foreign affairs and other activities.This made clear that the importance of this group of scholars in process of promoting the scholarly administation in the Qing court,from top to bottom,from court affairs to public administration.From the provincial examination in the 16th year of the Kangxi reign to the section of Jiwei,it can be seen that the Qing court matured in the ruling strategy,vividly presenting the early Qing scholarly mentality in the context of the transmutation of the trajectory of the imperial examination.