清代雍正时期黄中海道针经考释

Textual Research on Huang Zhong Hai Dao Zhen Jingin the Yongzheng Period of the Qing Dynasty

黄中海道针经,是雍正五年至七年由文登县知县黄中,根据邑中长老口述而加工编撰的一段从天津至山东自北而南沿海航行的指南。雍正《山东通志》将是段海程收录,这是目前所见最接近原始记录的文献。是部海道针经,详细记叙了沿山东半岛一带海域的地文、水文与气象现象,并总结其规律,具有很强的科学性与实操性,它代表了在传统社会条件下海洋科学技术所能达到的最高峰。同时,它展现出一幅沿线生民捕鱼、商贸、信仰与国家海上管理的清晰生动图景。对黄中海道针经的考释,也让我们重新思考国家层面上的河运海运之争,清代因袭明重农防海的基本国策,由此构建出的一套话语体系,不但遮蔽了繁忙发达的海上往来,而且极大地延迟了海运替代河运的时间。

Huang Zhong Hai Dao Zhen Jing was a guide to coastal navigation from Tianjin to Shandong Province from north to south,compiled by Huang Zhong,governor of Wendeng County during 1727—1729,based on the oral histories of the county’s elders.The Shandong Tongzhi in the reign of Yongzheng included this navigation guide,which was the closest document to the original record that had been found.It was a navigation guide that described in detail the geographical,hydrological and meteorological phenomena along the sea area of the Shandong Peninsula and summarized their laws,which was highly scientific and practical,and represented the highest level of marine science and technology that could be achieved under the conditions of the traditional society.Meanwhile,it also presented a picture of the sea where fishing,trade and beliefs of the people living along the route were intertwined with the country’s maritime management.Whether on a technical or practical level,the Huang Zhong provided an important foundation for the large-scale shipping of grain by sea.However,the Qing dynasty inherited the Ming Dynasty’s basic state policy of focusing on agriculture and avoiding the sea,and thus constructed a set of discourse systems that not only obscured the busy and developed sea traffic,but also greatly delayed the replacement of river transport by sea transport.