基于人的社会性论人的本质的三次变革:从亚里士多德、费尔巴哈到马克思——兼论马克思对二者的超越

Three Transformations of Essence of Human Beings Based on Human Sociality:From Aristotle,Feuerbach to Marx--On Marx’s Transcendence over Aristotle and Feuerbach

作为人的社会性本质论的奠基者,亚里士多德基于人的社会性提出了“人是天生的政治动物”的著名命题。德国古典哲学的最后代表费尔巴哈看到了亚里士多德人本论的唯心主义社会历史观和奴隶社会阶级立场的局限,指出人的本质应诉诸以“社会环境”和“时代背景”为核心的“团体之中”和“人与人的统一之中”。但由于缺乏对社会关系和社会生产方式的深入剖析,费尔巴哈的人本论仍具有抽象性和片面性的局限。而作为古希腊哲学和德国古典哲学双重超越者的马克思,既看到了亚里士多德“人是天生政治动物”的“自我陶醉”,又看到了费尔巴哈人是“环境和时代产物”的“自我直观”。通过对社会关系和社会生产方式的深入剖析,马克思将人的本质立足于实践之上,提出了“人是一切社会关系的总和”的经典论断,实现了西方哲学史上基于人的社会性探讨人的本质的根本性变革。

ness and one-sidedness on humanism ensued from his less in-depth analysis of social relationships and social modes of production.Marx had noticed the limitations in Aristotle’s proposition that humans were an innately political animal and in Feuerbach’s claim that humans were a product of environments and the times.With an in-depth analysis of social relationships and social modes of production,Marx based human nature on practice and proposed that human beings were an aggregation of all social relationships,which triggered a fundamental change in human nature exploration endeavors based on human sociality in western philosophy history.