从心灵的意向性到语言的意向性——齐硕姆语言的意向性首要性思想研究

From the Intentionality of Mind to the Intentionality of Language:On Chisholm’s Thought of the Primacy of Intentionality of Language

作为布伦塔诺思想的继承人之一,齐硕姆阐发捍卫布氏理论的主要贡献在于将意向性理论引入分析哲学,使其成为语言哲学研究的中心领域。他提出语言的意向性首要性原则,认为说话者的意向性是决定语言意义的根本因素。他的意向性指称理论解决了以往的指称理论所面临的名称和说话的意义有时不能对应或指称失败的难题,而他的意向性的“归属分析法”则解决了以往的语义“命题分析法”所导致的专名的谬误问题。但是他的理论过于强调意向性的作用,事实上主体的意向性只有借助于语词本身的意义才能传递和理解,失去了这种语言基础,意向性无法表达出来,也无法理解和传递。

As a prominent successor of Brentano’s thought,Chisholm significantly advanced the theory of intentionality by integrating it into analytical philosophy and making it a central topic in the philosophy of language.Chisholm proposed the principle of the primacy of the intentionality of language,positing that the speaker’s intentionality fundamentally determines the meaning of language.His theory of intentional reference addresses issues in previous reference theories,where names did not always correspond to the intended meaning or failed to reference properly.Chisholm’s intentional“attributional analytic approach”corrects the fallacies of proper names inherent in earlier semantic“propositional analytic approaches.”However,his theory places excessive emphasis on intentionality,overlooking the fact that the subject’s intentionality can only be conveyed and understood through the inherent meaning of words.Without this linguistic foundation,intentionality cannot be expressed,understood,or transmitted.